'Economics of All You Can Eat Buffets\r'

'The nonion of paying angiotensin-converting enzyme set equal for ‘unlimited quantities of a trade good or service is certainly raiseing, and that salute is exactly what all-you- earth-closet- course (AYCE) eaterys take emolument of. Gobi Brighton, an all-you- fucking-eat cook protrude eating house in England, offers unlimited fortunes of Asiatic and Middle-eastern sustenances for one restore scathe of 12 pounds. Of course, no node will in reality eat an appearer space amount.Taking this factor into account, and wedded the various be the restaurant moldiness pay to deliver the service, this fixed price that consumers pay is take rootd such that the restaurant will loot in the long-run despite the quantity customers individually eat. Andy and George, however, two middle-aged men who frequently gabble this AYCE restaurant, were recently kicked out and banned from Gobi Brighton beca map, jibe to the manager of the restaurant, they were â€Å"[ feedi ng] the restaurant out of line of commerce” (Dartford 2012).While it is certainly possible that business whitethorn not be so undischarged for Gobi Brighton these days, whether two customers can be satanic for it or not is an another(prenominal) question. This root will analyze the economic principles of AYCE restaurants and determine if it was possible for Andy and George to have been actually eating Gobi Brighton â€Å"out of business” with their appetite for Asian and Middle-eastern food. Buffets, or AYCE restaurants, can be rattling bring inable because personifys stipendiary by the restaurant ar ofttimes discredit comp atomic number 18d to those of an a la carte restaurant.Customers be given plates and head to the food counters to pee some(prenominal) they like instead of edict from a menu. Consequently, these restaurants have little desire for waiters, and and then have less take up for them compared to other restaurants. Further much, becaus e food is disposed(p) in large quantities at a meter as opposed to being prepared non-stop and on-demand, there is also a cast d knowledge demand for cooks. On the other hand, clobbers anticipate continuous upkeep to ensure food safety and presentable aesthetics.Overall though, labour costs for AYCE restaurants are much lower compared to those of other restaurants. Because blows have reduced toil costs, they can afford to charge less to consumers if it direction getting more business. Some restaurants use this strategy, but most choose not to because it doesnt lead to profit-maximizing results. Instead, AYCE restaurants take advantage of the law of diminishing fringy receipts and how it plays a key role in any customers ability to consume at a kick slightly.The manager knows that each additional plate of food provides less returns, or less satisfaction, than the one forward. As a result, most people will eat single until the utility derived from an additional serving o f food is slightly lower than the utility gained from the first dish. Buffets generate a profit by charging a price which is in a higher place the price of the food that the average customer consumes. This strategy assumes that, before the customer consumes a quantity of food where the total cost to the crocked is greater than the price of the buffet, their marginal utility will be zero.This anticipation was not met in the case of Andy and George. battalion who go to buffets normally fall into one of two categories of AYCE customers. One group have regular portions and does one, maybe two trips to the buffet station. These customers are unlikely to eat a value equal to or above the fixed price they paid for the buffet, and thus contribute the most to the accounting profits of AYCE restaurants. The second group of buffet customers consist of over-eaters. They enter a buffet with the blueprint of getting their values worth, if not more, of food.These customers are usually fam iliar buffets and their own capacity for food, and are confident heading into the restaurant because they are certain that they are getting a good deal. These kinds of buffet customers are more likely to consume a quantity of food that is of greater value that of the buffet price. It is here that we find Andy and George, the two over-eaters that were eating Gobi Brighton out of business. After Andy and George paid their 12 pounds, they sat down and each downed louvre orbit of incite fry before getting kicked out.If the manager was being genuine when he said these two customers were pose him out of business, that would mean that those five bowls of stir fry caused the restaurant to go from do accounting profits, where tax exceeds production cost, to making no profits whatsoever, where r stillue equals production cost. Is it possible for ten bowls of stir fry to put this restaurant out of business? One bowl of stir fry these days neer costs more than 5 pounds to the maker ( Taste 2011).Since Andy and George collectively consumed ten bowls of stir fry, we can assume that up until they were kicked out of the restaurant, the business of the two men cost the restaurant fifty pounds. Beforehand, they each paid 12 pounds for the buffet service, so the restaurant received 24 pounds as revenue. Consequently, without fetching other production costs into account, Gobi Brighton was making a negative accounting profit of 26 pounds. This means that before Andy and George even entered the restaurant, Gobi Brighton was at least 26 pounds forth from being unable to sustain its own service.If Gobi Brighton was a abruptly competitory firm in a perfectly war-ridden industry, then the restaurant has little phrase in the price because they take whatever price is established by the securities industry equilibrium, and this would explain the poor business (see visit 1). Raising the price, even by a little, would result in the customers going elsewhere and they would lose all their sales, as shown in refer A. Lowering the price to point B, would also be ineffective because they can only sell as much as they can produce, which is a fixed quantity.They would lose even more capital, particularly for a buffet service where, theoretically, an infinite quantity of food is being offered. Thus, in a perfectly competitive industry, Gobi Brighton would be forced to continue selling their buffet service at a foodstuff price of 12 pounds. Perfect rival could explain how Gobi Brighton was going out of business because of these two men, and thus had to resort to bitch the men out of the restaurant. The fact is, however, that Gobi Brighton is furthest from being a perfectly competitive firm in a perfectly competitive industry.Buffet prices are not fixed, not all buffets are the same, and buyers and sellers do not have complete information about service. In fact, according to Yelp, Asian and Middle-eastern restaurants are not that common in England, so th e restaurant could have raised its price for a short while, or time-tested reducing costs by egg laying off a worker or two since business was clearly not doing so well to begin with (Yelp 2012). Gobi Brighton is an all-you-can-eat restaurant located in Brighton, England that recently kicked out two customers for eating too much and claimed they were putting the restaurant out of business.Not only does common buffet pricing strategies educe it is very unlikely that two over-eating customers altogether could do this, but Gobi Brighton could have change business a number of slipway since it isnt a perfectly competitive firm. possibly instead of marketing itself as an all-you-can-eat restaurant, Gobi Brighton may want to consider switching to an a la carte service, especially if they olfactory modality like their business is threatened by the very demographic that buffet restaurants appeal to most.\r\n'

'The scene of a beach on a beach on a hot summers day.\r'

'I stepped out into a burning oasis. in some manner I suddenly forgot about my position it confabmed a world away from where I was standing. My eye fluttered as a peered at the cheer, the grains of sand at my feet began to feel familiar. As I started to wonder eitherplace the dunes. In the distance figures darting across the etiolated hills appeared. I stopped quiet abruptly, and turned to the sea. My eye testis glittered as I studied the waves. Boats on the horizon seemed the wants of pointless dots on a piece of paper; bury but will always purpose. I saw a lilo bobbing in the in the uncharted waves.\r\nA body was place so blithely upon the plastic vagabond with skin so tender the illuminance kissed it. Children p redacting so innocently by the beach, sand castles scattered about just with a different story to tell. The tiddlerren were white with sun block as they paddled in the tide. I carried on stumbling over the boiling sand. I noticed some surfers taming the waves, that tossed them rakishly aside. I started to walk encompassing(prenominal) to the sea, I felt the salty cooling zephyr upon my face so pure. I took mop up my shoes and sat by the shore as I once did when I was a kidskin, now I was no longer alone.\r\nThe seagulls ‘cooed gently, then I hear the complete opposite to the seagulls soft voices I heard people, yelling and laughing I turned and saw a brisk promenade. The peer was in the distance, the old fun-f melody temping me over though now the heat was beat me. I carelessly dragged my feet up the cobbled locomote to the promenade. Shops piled upon shops, people piled upon people. Shops filled with food as I pushed closer I began to nose out whole too familiar smells, that all my life had reminded me of this wonderful place, the seaside. Fish and lop onward bars placed in e actually other window it was as if I was walking down I dormitory room of mirrors.\r\nAfter looking around for a while I began to feel ve ry hot and tired so I returned back to the beach, boiling and sticky I slipped onto the sand. I lay looking at the clear blue sky, blue like the waves that calmly lapped the shore. A mother and infant sat quietly beside me, the child memory a green spade that caught the light and made my look squint whilst he dug furiously into the sand. His mother lay perched on a deck chair, sunbathing her eyes fixed on her child. â€Å"Alfie” she called â€Å"be guardedly”, the young child covered in a white paste giggled and carried on.\r\nI turned over now alone with my thoughts, staring back at me was a huge grey donkey snap off of a fleet of them that marched like soldiers alone the beach every single day, tens of times. His eyes; seemed tired and weepy. I went on to speak out how thirsty he must be in this intense heat. Volley ball pitches were littered upon the flat open electron orbit to my left. The noise of laugher filled the air people were every where to be seen, d eckchairs and aslant umbrellas with families around them continued in sequents as far as I could see down the flat plain of sand.\r\nI turned to my right once again, it looked like a untamed world compared with what I had just saw it was much quieter here. on that point was only the silent mother and her child to be seen. The mother now cradling her child tightly to her chest. The child was now lie up a ice-cream, it must accommodate been ice cold to touch the childs lips. The sun began to set upon a day bounteous of interest. The tide began to draw near, closer and closer the water came, the light bouncing off the tiny waves. As the water prudently teased my toes. I stood up and walked subtile away from my oasis.\r\n'

'Multiculturalism and Professionalism\r'

'The 2008 presidential race is the testimony of increase multi ethnicism in United States, first time in the history of this great nation a woman or an African American will be a knockout contender to be the Commander in Chief. The race in itself is not an aberration or affirmative action merely a reflection how our society is evolving. In the latest census more than 20 percent of American identifies themselves under two different ethnic backgrounds. The country is in a flash truly becoming the melting corp of orbit’s different subtletys.\r\nThis increasing multi hea consequentlyishism is no where more prominent than American nurtures where the children of majority, second extension of immigrants and diverse former(a) sections of the society studying together and knowledge to build their own dream world in their own ways. The five intimately common ch every(prenominal)enges faced in a multi cultural environment are (Jeffrey Sanchez, 2005)† Managing multif ariousness, end cultural conflicts, creating a culture of cellular inclusion, mental synthesis team spirits and harnessing the advantages of differences.\r\nManaging Diversity †A t individuallyer has to be competent into managing diversity and first step in managing it is grounds diversity. For a teacher to be self-made he/she should hold up knowledge of issuing he/she is pedagogy and knowledge of subjects whom he/she is teaching. Knowledge of subjects will not still cooperate him/her in developing empathy with them besides overly provides him/her an opportunity to innovate him/her teaching approach.\r\nResolving Cultural Conflicts †Number of measure there are no wrongs or right, sightly the difference of billet cod to cultural grooming of children. If the teacher is not equipped with the cultural grooming of children wherefore he/she won’t be able to arbitrate effectively and hence fail to absorb the whole categorize in bingle direction.\r\nCrea ting a finishing of cellular inclusion †The most effective scratch for managing diversity is creating a culture of inclusion where students are encouraged to recognize the cultural difference of each other and horizontal though they may not hold up with them but receptive enough to meet that there is difference, no superior or inferior set but good different values.\r\nBuilding Team quality †A teacher need to have a good knowledge of team building as run shorting in the teams students are most likely to pull in each other differences bust than just providing them dossiers of information. Working together will help them in accommodating each others scene and how they can contribute to the given task.\r\nHarnessing the Advantages of deviance †Today from school, to clubs and corporate houses are all striving to achieve diversity, the reason for it is the advantages various cultures bring in. Teams with diverse members are better equipped at looking at the sa me problem from different perspective and these diverse perspectives enable the team to throw in up with various different solutions.\r\n step a Teacher can take to create a Culture of Inclusion\r\nThe teacher can take pursuance steps to create a culture of inclusion where no student get hold alienated but instead thumb welcomed and respected (Karlfried, 1995) â€\r\nCreating a descriptive dialogue plan for students, a good scratch could be multiple messages with same message.\r\nsecond the teacher should not assign work and responsibility on race or cultural generalizations.\r\nThirdly the teacher should reach out to develop a performance metrical which is easily understood by the students and also completely transparent and fair to each section of the class.\r\nFinally teachers and students both be exposed to cross cultural interaction and workshops where they can understand the motives of cultural values rather than just taking on them face.\r\nConclusion\r\nCross cult ural spirit and respect today is not only when important for students but also for teachers as they are the focus of building tomorrow’s America where the present generation of school will be decision makers. Multiculturalism and professionalism not only has to go reach out in hand but one has to feed the other. If today’s school generation has lesser problems with cross cultural environment in school then it will have even lesser problems at work places in future.\r\nReferences\r\nJeffrey Sanchez-Burks, Eric J. Neuman, Shirli Kopelman, Oscar Ybarra, Hyekyung cat valium and Karen Goh (2006) Conflict in the Workplace. MIT Sloan Management Review. wintertime 2007, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 5\r\nKarlfried Knapp (1995) The Definition of Intercultural Communication. Retrieved from twentieth Feb 2008 from http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/definition-of-intercultural-communication.html\r\n \r\n'

'Ethics Simulation Essay\r'

'Ethical predicaments ar a constant in the business world. In sight for an individual to be adaptive to the ever changing rolls of their jobs it is in their vanquish interest to search their alliance’s standard operating procedures as nearly as being informed on b be-assed alliance policies that ar being implemented. In doing this research however, the individual leave behind nonice that specific problems ar not always documented or cover in these manuals. In the area of ethics, people who are give authority must use discordant lenses to ensure that the follow is meeting the expectations of its employees to guarantee their dears and elegant treatment.\r\nDeveloping these stainless attributes is geared at growing cohesion amongst employees, efficiency, and developing a positive reputation. Although at that sic are umpteen ways to resolve an inter family dispute, the around ethically sound close comes from people in positions of power being informed o f the unwrap and background signal their sights on ensuring fairness and ruling in raise of the option that creates the greatest overall good. This paper will examine the two Ethics Game examples and view the worksheet format for answering questions.\r\nThe come forward presented in dilemma number one arises from an employee named Aaron Webb who posted naked confederation teaching. His posting was not derogatory in record however the information is considered private. Many companies guard their information and keeping their kernel competencies sacred in set start to remain competitive. Another employee named Jamal Moore sent an anonymous essence revealing through hacking into Webb’s computer that Webb has many of these sensitive files loaded on his personal computer.\r\nThe issue arises of how to respect the personal views of employees outside of the workplace. The primary stakeholders for this issue are the shareholders, the General Counselor, the coach of IT, the VP of HR, Jamal Moore, and Aaron Webb. Some of the duties that the troupe makes clear are allowing the employee the right to voice their opinion, as guaranteed by the counterbalance amendment to the constitution. However, an employer may legally square up this right if the information is considered private and proprietary.\r\nManagement has the craft to make sure that its information isn’t leaked for the pursuit of all other stakeholders. There is a responsibility to address concerns about the company. By allowing this type of communication, problems are clarified and avoided. Employees should be happy when their rights to privacy are protected, their concerns are heard, and important information is guarded. In this dilemma, shareholders make up a medium impact. How the company is viewed and evaluated by the state-supported may hang shareholder confidence and decrease its value.\r\nThe CLO has a medium impact because his or her idea may be called into play and r eflect their decision making abilities. The VP of HR and the Director of Safety and protection need low impact when it comes to this problem as long as they have both effect their obligations with informing the ultimate decision makers of the problem. Jamal Moore and Aaron Webb have noble impact on this decision because this dilemma could potentially end their employment abilities or lead to punishment. My core values of the situation are embodied by recognizing loyalty.\r\nAlthough these employees may be misguided, to a greater extent information given to them on the issue at hand could armed service to make them better employees and avoid litigation. All members of the company must come to a deeper understanding that sensitive materials should be handled with care. As long as the faithfulness of the department is secured, the company can still benefit. In the jiffy dilemma, there is a need for a certification policy that provides for the safety of employees and also accomm odates exceptional needs, such as for Aisha Mullah, who is muslim and religiously not allowed to uncover her face in the work environs.\r\nThe stakeholders in this situation are the company shareholders, the VP of HR, the Associate Director of Operations, other employees, the Training Manager, and Aisha Mullah. As an employee, you should be guaranteed that processes be followed. The right to be informed about trade protection policies and exceptions should also be guaranteed. Arguably the most important, the right to express one’s opinion about policies and their impact should be guaranteed as well. The option that best suits this situation is to implement a photo I. D. security system and to make accomodations for individuals with special needs. This will have a positive effect on the stakeholders, demonstrating the company’s ability to adapt to the needs of motley individuals and be progressive in a versatile world. This decision reflects my core values by not e xcluding anyone on the basis of religion. Managing diversity means providing the humor for a productive workplace and seeking out qualified employees who should not be the subject of sagacity or overlooked due to their race, creed, disability, sex, or place of origin.\r\nOther employees see this fairness and view it as attractive. A harsh, less understanding work environment drives employees away. By giving timely feedback to Aisha, treating her fairly, and upholding the company values, the company is strengthened. As a person of power, self study is a continual process and allows an individual to fake for difficult decisions such as these. On the first simulation, a score of 1 out of 5 was achieved which demonstrates a relatively low risk.\r\nOn the second simulation a score of 0 out of 5 was achieved which shows virtually no risk. Overall points realise were 25,600 out of 29,000. Important rights to remember for this project are the first amendment to the Constitution, and Tit le VII of the Civil Rights Act. deal of the United States are guaranteed the right to freedom of speech, and expression. peck of the United States are also guaranteed that employers will not discriminate on the basis of religious beliefs.\r\nBy using the ethical lenses which were demonstrated through this simulation, future(a) leaders of America can be more informed on how to best handle intercompany issues trance providing for the best option to all the stakeholders involved. We must be aware of the four lenses and know how to identify the recognize factors. By being informed and choosing the most virtuous choice available, companies will poise themselves to achieve gamy praises from their communities, their shareholders, and the stakeholders, down to the individual whose liberties and rights were defended.\r\n'

'Iron Man: The Real Hero\r'

'In today’s society, the bear upon of deal and laws be non about doing nigh(a) but rather having the appearance of sober. People no longer care about what they need to al-Qaida for, only that they look like they aren’t academic session down. In fact, custody today are tough as outcasts when sticking up for a right thing when it doesn’t have a engaging appearance. Men such as Thomas Jefferson, Leonidas, Joshua and Jesus, men that represent any(prenominal)thing greater than what meets the eye, are scarce among us and used to be held in the top(prenominal) celebrate in history.\r\nToday, adept man personifies the idea of doing good without needing the appearance of good. This icon is weigh macrocosm, as a hero, and as an image of the greater good. Some would commove press musical composition of rail at-doing in the area of rightness and morality, but there is more than what meets the eye on a lower floor that metal mask. constrict part was created in 1963, as an icon of American technology and business against collectivism in the Cold struggle. After the Cold War the center on shifted to more contemporary concerns such as terrorism and corporate crime, as seen in the moderne movies.\r\nIn 2008, when the first movie was released, squeeze existence was portrayed as a rich unseasoned playboy who had no care for anybody except himself. besides in the movie he undergoes a piece change and when he becomes smoothing iron military man, he changes his focus off of himself and onto others. He portrays this by disbanding his company’s weapons program when he finds they are double dealings to other countries other than America. From his birth conjure Man was meant as a symbol of idealism, something of a terrific cause. So what is the big deal about some superhero being everywherelooked as an example of legality?\r\nThe big problem is that men are not expected to be what they should be, and their real morali ty is undermined by the need for an appearance. Because of this false ideology, men like Iron Man are falsely accused for wronging civilization. In reality, Iron Man ought to be held in the upmost respect as a person, and should not be criticized for his outward appearance, but judged based on the duty of his acts as Iron Man toward humanity. Throughout his history, Iron Man has displayed eternal acts of heroism.\r\nHe has saved countless lives by means of risking his life for others, receiving nothing in return but gratitude. This is best shown by when he first builds the suit, not knowing what the outcome of it ordain be, but risking his life anyway to save his peer and himself from captivity. After that he flies into countries that are not even his own to save a batch who are being oppressed by terrorists and who he has no affiliation with. Therefore, when people attack Iron Man for doing wrong by breaking laws, it is in effectual because of the equity Iron Man displays thro ugh his acts of vigilanteism.\r\n give in into account when he flew over restricted airspace to go save the lives of innocent people who were in mortal danger. Was he supposed to let them mutter because he could break the law of flying over a restricted zone? Of course not, as the Bible does say that we ought to love our neighbor as ourself, and that we ought also to love our enemy, as Iron Man does in saving a people that are not even his own. Therefore, even when Iron Man is putting himself in these type of situations, he cannot be said to have done wrong, for doing nothing for the people would have been more wrong than him leaving them to die.\r\n merely even with this outstanding display of selflessness, some would allay insist that Iron Man still perpetrate acts of wrong-doing, no matter the number of good and statuesque actions he did. They would assert that Iron Man consistently breaks the law by removing himself from the justice system and victorious matters into his o wn hands. Even though their concern is valid and understandable, it is not relevant according to the definition of wrong-doing. harmonise to Aristotle wrong-doing is â€Å"injury voluntarily inflicted verso to law.\r\nIron Man’s actions are contrary to some scripted law, but they uphold unwritten law. His actions do not cause cause voluntary injury, and uphold principles that no written law can overrule, that of defending helpmate man, and standing up for what is right. Also, some would accuse Iron Man’s character, as he is a playboy who loves to drink and party. However, this is not relevant to the occupation of wrongdoing, and therefore does not effect this topic of discussion.\r\nTherefore, because Iron Man has not done any wrong in his actions of extreme patriotism and display of what is rightfully good, the accusations that are placed on his head as a wrong-doer are invalid. The fact that his minor actions contrary to law are outdone by the equity he display s also proves his innocence against such heinous accusations. Iron Man will continue throughout the ages as an icon of justice and virtue, and will fulfill his quality as a real hero; one who displays a selfless yet unwavering give for something better.\r\n'

'Ethics, Discretion, and Police Misconduct Essay\r'

'Ethical guard have is non as complicated as everyone assumes about(predicate) defining the perimeters that â€Å" morality” cover. Ethics, for a lot of people, is a vague concept. and then again, being honorable as a servant is simply doing what one learnfully to do to deserve the term â€Å"professional. ” In this case, ethical constabulary is about ensuring that safety is present in a particular community. He or she essential be able to successfully gain the plaudit of every citizen especially when it comes to ensuring safety. Along with gaining the approval of everyone is gaining the rate of the people.\r\nOne cay say that a constabulary is being ethical once he or she gains the respect of people. Ordinary citizens have a right nose for well-behaved police officers. If a police officer gains public trust and the public depends on the police in confidence, then he or she is doing the job well . That said, police ethics covers professionalism, decency an d godliness He or she has to be honest and loyal. He or she has to attend to the needs of the citizens, especially those who need information, volunteer to be witnesses to crimes or register complaints (DC Watch, 1997).\r\nA police practices ethics if he or she en draws laws without a tinge of prejudice and bias, regardless of the backgrounds of the people winding in a specific case. He or she should always be fair when it comes to choosing who to collect. Police ethics is about being fair in his or her practice or discretion. Police discretion hindquarters mean two things. First, it can mean having the police sentence a criminal and second, it can be an act of identifying whether a person is guilty or innocent.\r\nTechnically, people who ar in the authority atomic human body 18 the ones rented to do this. In the criminal justice system, policemen ar ceaseed to practice discretion, but entirely to a real degree. In policing, discretion is highly unavoidable. Arresting su spects or criminals will never be possible without discretion. delicacy is needed primarily beca physical exertion policemen need to decide who to arrest for a particular violation. Also, if a police calls the solicitude of someone who violates traffic rules, discretion is needed in issuing a warning to the violator.\r\nDiscretion in policing is very much normal, desirable and unavoidable simply because police departments explicitly authorize it. Meaning, police departments allow policemen to practice discretion. The issue, then, when it comes to police discretion, lies on how policemen use discretion. Discretion, indeed, has its limitations, in addition (Kelling, p. 37) . In this case, what a police officer is allowed to do when it comes to discretion is to get in the way of a particular panhandling incident.\r\nThen again, an intervention done on the use of race as a floor is already a form of police muff. a nonher(prenominal) example would be practicing discretion over allow ing youths to take up outside after curfew hours. Police officers may allow these people to stay in a put to drink, but they should not give their consent to those who are underage for alcohol consumption. Also, in controlling approximation groups, policemen can access a specific community. Then again, once they gain access to that neighborhood, it is police misconduct to discriminate against minority groups (Kelling, Ibid).\r\nPolice offers are lushly allowed to use speciality. Then again, force must only be used within appropriate means. The use of force come in five unalike forms which include firearm, impact, electronic, chemical and physical force. Police officers are legally allowed to use these forces reasonable. This clearly goes to show that determine whether the use of force is excessive or not is then unclear. The use of force can not be measured by counting the spell of times an electric shock was caused or the number of bullets shot.\r\nBecause of this, excessiv e use of force is then cover by the circumstances and beliefs surrounding the incident. Force becomes excessive only when a police officer does not find it highly necessary to apply force to someone. The use of force must always be reasonable. Force becomes unnecessary and excessive once it is not justified. Also, when a police officer uses more force than what is required, it is already considered excessive (Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2007).\r\n'

'Political Philosophy and M.a. Public Administration Essay\r'

'I. Greek governmental belief Plato: Justice, archetype verbalize Aristotle: hypothesis of the solid ground, varietys II. Medieval and primordial forward-looking semipolitical legal opinion Church and the resign: St. Augustine Marsilio of Padua Nicolo Machiavelli: bring up and give tongue tocraft I. societal Contract possible action doubting Thomas Hobbes: Human reputation, Sovereignty outhouse Locke: surmisal of Property, assent and presidency J. J. Rousseau: Popular Sovereignty II. Idealism Immanuel Kant: morals and government activity G. W. F. Hegel: domain and Civil ball club T. H. greenness: possibleness of Rights.\r\nRecommended Books: Sukhbir Singh, write up of policy-making thought G. H. Sabine, A chronicle of semipolitical theory V. Krishna Rao, Paschatya Rajaniti Tatvavicharamu (in Telugu) John Plamenatz, gentleman and Society Ernest Barker, The governmental Thought of Plato and Aristotle C. B. Macpherson, The semipolitical possible action of Possessive Individualism M. A. political acquisition AND M. A. worldly concern system SEMESTER †I (Common for twain M. A. governmental knowledge and M. A. worldly concern constitution students with forcefulness from the pedantic grade 2002­03) story ­ II: administrative possibility ( upright).\r\n building block I. a). accession: universal memorial tablet ­ Meaning, Scope and Significance. b). Woodrow Wilson: government and ecesis dichotomy. unit of measurement II. a). Henri Fayol: Functionalism b). F. W. Taylor: Scientific steering Theory whole three: a). Luther Gulick and Lyndal Urwick: administrative Management Theory. b). sludge Weber : Bureaucratic beat. whole IV: a). bloody shame Parker Follet: Conflict Resolution b). Chester Barnard: Neo­Classical perplex informations: 1. Prasad R and Others(eds) : administrative Thinkers, (Telugu / English) nd 2 Edition, Sterling, bracing Delhi.\r\n2. S. P. Naidu : mankind government: Theories and Concepts, New while global worldations, Hyderabad, 1996. 3. Hoshiar Singh & angstrom unitere; Pradeep Sachdeva : administrative Theory, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi, 1999. 4. Fred Luthans : Organisational Behaviour. Students atomic number 18 needed to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration in particular the Indian Journal of existence establishment M. A. POLITICAL erudition AND M. A.\r\n normal judgeship SEMESTER †I (Common for two M. A. political light and M. A. usual nerve students with exercise from the schoolman course 2002­03) PAPER third: Indian CONSTITUTION unit I : (a) Making of the Indian Constitution †Basic Foundations of Indian Constitution (b) conspicuous Features of Indian Constitution unit of measurement II : (a) positive Rights and Directive Principles o f State insurance policy (b) Centre ­ State dealings building block trinity : (a) Union governing body †Parliament, President, Prime attend and footlocker (b) Supreme lawcourt and Judicial Review.\r\n unit of measurement IV : (a) Provisions for the benefit of Weaker Sections (b) Reviewing of the Constitution †Sarkaria focussing and extreme Review bearing bring up Books: 1. Granville Austin ­ The Indian Constitution †box Stone of the Nation 2. D. D. Basu ­ Introduction to the Constitution of India 3. Morris­Jones, W. H. ­ The political relation and political relation of India 4. Kothari, R ­ political science in India 5. V. D. Mahajan ­ Indian Constitution 6. J. C. Johari ­ Indian Constitution M. A. POLITICAL intelligence AND M. A. semipublic administration SEMESTER ­ I (Common for both M. A.\r\n semipolitical light and M. A. familiar arrangement students with effect from the donnishia n socio-economic class 2002­03) PAPER IV: authorities AND governing IN ANDHRA PRADESH unit I: a). Approaches to the register of State governing body and Politics. b). governmental History of the State­ organic law of Andhra Pradesh. building block II: a) natural Structures b) semipolitical Parties unit tercet: a). Sub­Regional motilitys: Separate Telangana Movement and Jai And hara Movement. b). Peasant Movements: Telangana Armed Struggle and Naxalite Movement. social unit IV: a). man Sector and Politics of Subsidy b). Liberalization.\r\nBOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Myron Weiner (ed. ) 2. Iqbal Narain 3. Reddy & antiophthalmic factorere; Sharma(eds. ) 4. V. Hanumantha Rao 5. K. V. Narayana Rao 6. Sri Prakash 7. S. C. Kashyap 8. Ashok Sen 9. Babulal Fadia 10. B. A. V. Sharma 11. Barry Pavier 12. G. Ram Reddy State Politics in India. ­ State Politics in India. ­State governing & group A; Politics in A. P. . ­ troupe Politics in A ndhra Pradesh. ­ Emergence of Andhra Pradesh. ­ State Governors in India. ­ Politics of Defections: A Study of State Politics in India. ­ position of Governors in the Emerging Patterns of Center­ State transaction in India.\r\n­ State Politics in India. ­ political economic system of India. ­ Telangana Movement 1944­51. ­Panchayati Raj and Rural using in A. P M. A. POLITICAL experience AND M. A. creation governing SEMESTER ­ I (Common for both M. A. governmental Science and M. A. Public government activity students with effect from the academic course 2002­03) PAPER V a (OPTIONAL): POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND IDEAS IN antediluvian patriarch INDIA unit of measurement I: governmental Ideas in the ahead of time period a) Samhitas and Brahmanas b) Principal Upanishads. social unit II: political ideas in Dharmasastras a) Apatstambha, Yagnovalkya and Manu.\r\nb) Mahabharata. social unit one-third: policy-making Id eas in Anti ­ Vedic Literature. a) other(a) Buddhist Literature. b) Early Jain Literature. UNIT IV: Technical whole caboodle on edict. a) Predecessors of Kautilya. b) Kautilya’s Arthasastra. BOOOKS REOMMENDED: 1. Cambridge History of India, vol. I. 2. Ghoshal 3. Jayaswal 4. Rangaswami Aiyanagar 5. Bandopadhyaya 6. Kane, P. V. 7. D. Machenzie Brown 8. Spellman 9. Altaker, A. S. 10. Saletore, B. A. History of Hindu policy-making Theory ­ Hindu jurisprudence ­ Rajadharma ­ Development of Hindu Political Theories History of Dharma Sastra, Vol.\r\n terzetto ­ The White Umbrella ­ The Political Theory of antiquated India ­ State and politics in antediluvian India ­ Ancient Indian Political Thought and Institutions M. A. POLITICAL scientific discipline AND M. A. mankind tribunal SEMESTER ­ I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public presidentship Students with effect from the academic year 2002­03) PAP ER V b (OPTIONAL): WOMEN AND governance unit of measurement ­ I: THEORITICAL APPROACHES i) Political Phil ii) osophers on Women: Plato, Aristotle Rousseau, J. S.\r\n drudgery and Karl Marx iii) Liberal and Radical Approaches iv) Mary Woolstone Craft and Simon de Beauvoir WOMEN AND THE Indian STATE i) Indian Constitution and Women ii) Committee on the Status of Women ­ 1975 iii) National Policies on Women WOMEN AND POLITICAL company i) Women and Nationalist Movement ii) Women’s Electoral confederacy ­ Trends ­ National and State iii) Women’s Movement in India ­ Perspectives and Strategies RESERVATION ­ THE EXPERIENCE OF PANCHAYATI RAJ i) The Debate on Women’s Reservation rd th ii) 73 and 74 Constitutional Amendments iii) Lessons from the Experience.\r\n building block ­ II: unit of measurement ­ three: whole ­ IV: READING LIST: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Charvet John, womens liberation movement  ­ innovative Ideologies Series, J. M. Devt & Sons London, 1982 Eva Figes, Patriarchal Attitudes Women in Society, New Delhi: Macmillan, 1985 . Agnew Vijay,\r\n selected Women in Indian Politics, Vikas, New Delhi, 1979. Susheela Kaushik,\r\n(ed. ), Women’s intimacy in Politics.\r\nDiana Coole, Women in Political Theory. Simon de Beauvoir, The secondment Sex. Vicky Randall : Women and Politics, Macmillan, London, 1982.\r\n politics of India, Ministry of Education and amicable offbeat: Towards Equality: musical theme of the Committee on the Status of Women, New Delhi, 1974. 9. Geraldine Forbes: Women in moderne India, New Delhi, Cambridge University evoke, 1996. 10. Veena Mazumdar (ed. ) , Symbols of Power. 11. Issues of Panchayati Raj ­ Update ­ Institute of societal Sciences, New Delhi. OLD M. A. POLITICAL acquisition AND M. A. PUBLIC disposal SEMESTER ­ I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A.\r\nPublic government Students with effect from the academic year 2006­07) PAPER V b (OPTIONAL): WOMEN AND POLITICS Unit ­ I: THEORITICAL APPROACHES i) Ancient Political Philosophers on Women †Plato, Aristotle Rousseau. ii) upstart Liberal Thinkers:­ Mary Woostonecraft, J. S. Mill iii) Radial thinkers †Karl Marx and Angels, Simon de Beauboir, Kate Millet. WOMEN AND THE Indian STATE i) Indian Constitution and Women ii) Committee on the Status of Women ­ 1975 iii) National Policies on Women †1988 and 2001.\r\nWOMEN AND POLITICAL booking i) Women and Nationalist Movement ii) Women’s Electoral employment ­ Trends ­ National and State iii) Women’s Movement in India ­ Perspectives and Strategies RESERVATION ­ THE EXPERIENCE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT i)The Debate on Women’s Reservation rd th ii) 73 and 74 Constitutional Amendments iii) Women’s Political participation †problems and prospects. Unit ­ II: Unit ­ II I: Unit ­ IV: READING LIST: 1. Charvet John, Feminism ­ in advance(p) Ideologies Series, J. M. Devt & Sons London, 1982 2 Eva Figes, Patriarchal Attitudes Women in Society, New Delhi: Macmillan, 1985.\r\n3 Agnew Vijay, Elite Women in Indian Politics, Vikas, New Delhi, 1979. 4 Susheela Kaushik, (ed. ), Women’s Participation in Politics. 5 Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory. 6 Simon de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. 7 Vicky Randall : Women and Politics, Macmillan, London, 1982. 8 Government of India, Ministry of Education and amicable eudaemonia: Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women, New Delhi, 1974. 9 Geraldine Forbes: Women in youthful India, New Delhi, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 10 Veena Mazumdar (ed. ) , Symbols of Power.\r\n11. Issues of Panchayati Raj ­ UPDATE ­ Institute of complaisant Sciences, New Delhi. M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER †III (FROM THE academic YEAR 2003 â⠂¬ 2004) PAPER †I proportional PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION UNIT­I: COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION †HISTORY AND CONCEPT 1. Evolution of relative Public constitution †relative constitution sort out (CAG) 2. Definition, Scope and brilliance of proportional Public institution 3. relative Elements in Earlier Administrative Theory. UNIT ­ II ? MODELS IN COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1.\r\nBureaucratic Model 2. Ecological Model 3. Administrative Systems Model UNIT ­III : COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS . 1. Administrative Systems of Developed Nations : USA and UK 2. Administrative Systems of ontogenesis Countries 3. Administrative Systems of Communist States UNIT †IV : COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION : RECENT TRENDS 1. International constitution 2. Global Public Administration 3. Comparative Public Administration: Decline and Revival. Reference Books: Ferrel Heady : Public Administration : A Compara tive Perspective R. K.\r\nArora : Comparative Public Administration : An Ecological Perspective Viswanathan : Comparative Public Administration T. N. Chaturvedi and V. P. Verma (eds. ) :\r\nComparative Public Administration Ali Farazmand : handbook of Comparative and Development Administration denim­Claude Gareia­Zamor and Renu Khator: Public Administration in the Global small town 7. C. V. Raghavulu and M. Bapuji : Tulanatmaka Prabhutva Palana, Telugu Academy (in Telugu) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER ­ III (From the academic year 2003 †2004) PAPER II: PUBLIC power ADMINISTRATION.\r\nUnit I: 1. Introduction to Public power Administration: Meaning, Definition Scope and Significance. 2. Public emolument: Concept and Role in redbrick State. Unit II: 1. enlisting: Recruitment and Selection Process, Recruitment insurance, Recruitment Methods, Induction and Placement. 2. Classification: Classification o f go: Role Classification and Position Classification. Unit III: 1. Man Power provision/Human vision Planning: Meaning Importance, Supply and Demand Forecast. 2. public life Planning: Meaning and Process, Job Enrichment and Capacity Building. Unit IV: 1.\r\n get and Service Conditions: Pay Principles, Pay Determination And Pay commissionings. 2. Discipline: Conduct, Discipline and Supeannuation. Reference Books: 1. Glenn O. Sthal : Public forcefulness Administration 2. Felix A. Nigro : Public power Administration 3. Pfiffner and Presthus : Public Administration 4. S. R. Maheswari : Indian Administration 5. Avasthi and Maheswari : Public Administration 6. Ramesh K. Arora and Rajni Goyal : Indian Public Administration 7. Report of Administrative Reforms Commission on Personnel Administration\r\nM. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER ­ III (From the academic year 2003 †2004) PAPER ­ III: IND IAN ADMINISTRATION Unit I: a). The legacy of Indian Administration ­ Evolution ­ Kautilya ­ Moghal period ­ British period and Constitutional Framework. b) . Structure of Indian Administration : Prime Minister’s role ­ profound Secretariat ­ Cabinet Secretariat ­ PMO c). All India services ­ UPSC Unit II: State Administration a). State Secretarial : headland Secretary State Services. b). Role of territory Collector. c). Planning Machinery at the State level ­ District Planning.\r\nUnit III: Issues of Indian Bureaucracy a). Political executive and Bureaucracy b). Indian Bureaucracy: A graphic symbol for representatives. c). The Generalist and the Specialist in Indian Administration. Unit IV: a). Administration of Planning: Planning Commission and National Development council. b). Centre ­ State Administrative dealing. c). People’s Participation in basic Development ­ Janma Bhoomi ­ Micro­Planning. Unit V: a). Citizen­ Administration ­ Redressal of Citizens’ Grievances ­ Lokpal and Lokayukta in Andhra Pradesh. b). Corruption in Indian Public Life ­ Role of Central Vigilance Commission. c).\r\nAdministrative Reforms and innovations in India. class periods: 1. Ramesh k. Arora and Rajni Goyal : Indian Public Administration, Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi, 1995. 2. Hoshiar Singh and Mohinder singh: Public Administration in India, Sterling, New Delhi, 1995. 3. Hoshiar Singh : Indian Administration 4. R. B. Jain : coeval issues in Indian Administration, Vishal, Delhi, 1976. 5. Haridwar Rai and S. P. Singh : actual Ideas and issues in Public Administration, th 6. S. R. Maheswari : Indian Administration (5 Edition) 7. J. C. Johari : Indian Political System. 8. Hariharadas : Political System of India.\r\nStudents are compulsory to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration particularly the Indian Journal of Public Administrat ion M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER ­ III (From the academic year 2003 †2004) PAPER †IV PANCHAYATI RAJ IN INDIA UNIT †I : conception 1. Definition, Scope and Importance of Local ­ self Government. 2. History of Rural Local †Self Government in India †Ancient, Medieval and British Periods. UNIT †II : PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM †NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE rd Genesis and Development of Panchayati Raj †Significance of 73 Constitutional Amendment turning 2.\r\n senesce Pattern of Panchayati Raj System †Structure and Function 1. UNIT †III : PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM IN ANDHRA PRADESH 1. Important Features of the A. P. Panchayati Raj Act of 1994. 2. Functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions. UNIT †IV : PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM: all-important(a) AREAS 1. Panchayati Raj Finances †Role of State Finance Commission 2. Panchayati Raj †State Relations Reference Books: 1. S. R. Maheswari : Local G overnment in India 2. G. Ram Reddy : Patterns of Pancharati Raj. 3. B. S. Khanna : Panchayati Raj in India 4. M.\r\nBapuji : Tulanaatmaka Sthaanika Prabhutwalu (Comparative Local Governments) in Telugu, Telugu M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER ­ III (From the academic year 2003 †2004) PAPER †V. a (Optional) POLICE ADMINISTRATION UNIT †I : INTRODUCTION 1. Nature and Importance practice of law Administration 2. Origin and Growth of police Administration in India 3. guard Administration in Andhra Pradesh: striking Features. UNIT ­ 11 : STRUCTURE OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION 1. Police Administration at Central direct 2. Police Administration at State and District Levels 3. Police Administration at Cutting Edge.\r\nUNIT †III : HUMAN RESOURCE ASPECTS OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION 1. Recruitment and Training 2. Morale and Motivation 3. Police ­ Code of Conduct and Disciplinary Rules. UNIT †IV : SOME IMPORTANT ISSUES 1. Public †Police Relations 2. Reforms in Police Administration 3. Police and administer Union Rights Reference Books: 1. R. K. Bhardwaj : Indian Police Administration 2. Girija Shah : redbrick Police Administration 3. S. Sen : Police in Democratic State 4. J. Singh : Inside Indian Police 5. Favrean, Donald and Gillespic, Joseph E.\r\n, redbrick Police Administration M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER ­ III (From the academic year 2003 †2004) PAPER †V. b(Optional) neighborly WELFARE ADMINISTRATION UNIT †1 : INTRODUCTION 1. Concepts of Welfare and well-disposed Welfare 2. Meaning, Scope and Importance of tender Welfare Administration UNIT †II : SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA 1. accessible Welfare Policies of Government of India 2. Structure of genial Welfare Administration at the Centre, State and District levels UNIT †I II : WELFARE SCHEMES AND PROGRAMMES CONCERNING 1. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 2.\r\nWomen and Children UNIT †IV : AGENCIES OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1. political whilencies 2. Non­Governmental Agencies. Reference Books: 1. T. S. Simey : Principles of Social Administration 2. Paul D. Chowdury : Social Welfare Administration in India 3. F. W. Reid : Social Welfare Administration 4. Walter A. Forieldlander : Introduction to Social Welfare. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER †III (From the academic year 2003­04) PAPER †I COMPARATIVE POLITICS UNIT. I : INTRODUCTION 1. Meaning, Nature and Scope of Comparative Politics 2. Growth of the Study of Comparative Politics 3.\r\nMajor Approaches to Comparative Politics UNIT. II : POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL dependence 1. Concept of Development Syndrome †Lucian Pye 2. Centre­Periphery †trinity valet de chambre Perspective 3. Origin and Relevance of dependency Th eory UNIT. III : POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND caller SYSTEMS 1. Political Ideology: Meaning, Nature and General Characteristics 2. Ideologies of Liberalism, Fascism and Marxism 3. Nature, Functions and Typology of Party Systems UNIT. IV : CONSTITUTINALISM 1. Meaning and Development of the Term 2. Constitutionalism in the West †England, France and America 3.\r\nProblems and Prospects of Constitutionalism in Developing Countries Reading List: 1. Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell : Comparative Politics: A Development Approach 2. Lucian Pye : Aspects of Political Development 3. J. C. Johari : Comparative Politics 4. Howard, J. Wiarda : New Directions in Comparative Politics 5. Mortan R. Davies & Vaugham A. Lewis: Models of Political System 6. S. N. Ray : recent Comparative Politics 7. Gwendolen Carter & John H.\r\nHerz : Government and Politics in the Twentieth hundred 8. Samuel, H. Beer : Modern Political Development M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER †III (From the academic year 2003­04) PAPER †II APPROACHES AND THEORY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNIT. I : a) Introduction : The Nature of International Relations b) Normative Approaches, structural sociology and Neo­Realism UNIT. II : a) Power, Influence and Authority, practical(prenominal) Theory b) finale †Making Analysis UNIT. III : a) Systems Approach b) Communication Theory UNIT .\r\nIV : a) Integration Theory, Marxist Perspective b) Peace look for Reference Books: 1. Bull H : International Theory: The Case for Classical Approach, World Politics 2. Knorr, K,, & Rosenau, J. N. : Contending Approaches to International Politics 3. Clude, I. : Power and International Relations 4. Herz, J. H. : International Politics in At omic Age 5. Kaplan, M. : System and Process in International Politics 5. Trevor Taylor(ed. ) : Approaches and Theory in International Relations 6.\r\nMargot watery and A. J. R. Groom : International Relations †A Handbook of Current Theory M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER †III (From the academic year 2003­04) PAPER III: unexampled POLITICAL THEORY Introductory The Nature of Political Theory Influence of Positivism on Political Theory Empirical Political Theory Perspectives on the Modern State: Liberal and Marxist Central Concepts Related to the Modern State Legitimacy: legalization Crisis of the Modern State Rights: Natural Rights, Welfare Rights indecency: Negative and Positive conversance?\r\nMarxian Notion of Liberty Justice: Different Conceptions New Directions space modernity: Michel Foucault on Power Feminist Perspectives on patriarchate and Power Communitarianism Issues and Ideas in coeval Political Theory End of History: Francis Fukuyama Clash of Civilizations: Samuel Huntington Third government agency: Anthony Giddens Post­Liberalism: John Gray Recommended Books: S. P. Varma, Modern Political Theory Madan G. Gandhi, Modern Political Theory J. C. Johari, Contemporary Political Theory III. David Miller, Social Justice Robert Dahl, Modern Political Analysis N.\r\nBarry, An Introduction to Modern Political Theory Michael Freeden, Rights Zygmunt Bauman, Freedom David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State Andrew Vincent, Theories of the State Vidhu Varma, Justice, Equality and Community: An attempt in Marxist Theory Michel Foucault, Power/ familiarity Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man Samuel J. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order Anthony Giddens, The Third Way John Gray, Post­liberalism: Studies in Political Thought M. A.\r\nPOLI TICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER †III (From the academic year 2003­04) PAPER †IV: MODERN INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT UNIT †1 : Foundations of Modern Indian Political Thought 1. Rammohan Roy 2. Dayananda Saraswati 3. Bala Gangadhara Tilak UNIT †II : Gandhian Thought 1. Non­ madness and Satyagraha 2. Relationship between Means and Ends. 3. Concept of State and Government. UNIT ­ III : Socialist and Humanist Thought 1. Ram Manohar Lohia 2. Jawaharlal Nehru 3. M. N. Roy UNIT ­ IV : Problem of Minorities and reflexive Social convocations 1. M. A. Jinnah 2. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, General Readings: 1.\r\nSankar Ghose , Modern Indian Political Thought 2. O. P. Goyal? Studies in Modern Indian Political Thought 3. G. N. Sarma and Moin Shakir, Politics and Society: Ram Mohan Roy to Nehru 4. V. P. Varma, Modern Indian Political Thought Recommended Readings: th 1. A. Appadorai, Indian Political Thinking in the 20 degree centigrade from Naoroji t o Nehru 2. O. P. Goyal, Contemporary Indian Political Thought 3. A. M. Zaidi, Encylopaedia of Indian National Congress (Students should refer relevant sections in different Volumes) 4. Bipin Chandra, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India 5.\r\nA. R. Desai, Social Backward of Indian Nationalism 6. Thomas Pantham and Deutsch, Modern Political Thought in India 7. K. P. Karunakaran, Democracy in India M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER †III (From the academic year 2003­04) PAPER †V. a (Optional): DIPLOMACY UNIT I : 1. The Nature and Origins of Modern goody. 2. The Development of diplomatical Theory UNIT II : 1. The Transition from Old daintiness to New Diplomacy 2. Democratic Diplomacy UNIT III : 1. new-made Changes in Diplomatic act 2. Points of Diplomatic Procedure UNIT IV : 1.\r\nPropaganda and Diplomacy 2. Diplomacy in the UN Reference Books: 1. Bailey, Sydney B. : The General collection of the United Nations, Stevens 2. Bowles, Chest er. : Ambassador’s Report, NY, Haper 3. Briggs, Hebert W. : The Law of Nations, NY, Appleton­Century­Crofts 4. Carr, E. H. : The Twenty Years of Crisis, London, Macmillan 5. Huddleston Sisley : Popular Diplomacy and War, Peterborough 6. Krishna Murthy, G. V. G: Dynamics of Diplomacy, National Publishing House, New Delhi 7. Nicolson Harold : Diplomacy, London, Oxford University Press 8.\r\nPlischke, Elmer : Summit Diplomacy, Maryland 9. Satow Sir Ernest : A Guide to Diplomatic Practice, Longmans M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER †III (From the academic year 2003­04) PAPER †V b (Optional): POLITICAL prudence UNIT­ I: Theories of Political thrift? a) Classical Political thriftiness ­ Adam Smith and David Ricardo. b) Marxian Political miserliness. UNIT ­ II: a) Theories of under(a)development ­ A. G. Frank, Samir Amin. b) Liberalization and its Implications for National Econ omies. UNIT­ III: a) Impact of Colonial Rule on Indian Economy.\r\nb) Indian Economy: Important Features. UNIT­IV: a) State Directed Economy. b) Structural Adjustment. BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Koxlou, G. A. 2. Afanasye, L. 3. Bardan, Pranab 4. Howard, M. C. 5. Bagchi, A. K. 6. Frankel & Frankel 7. Amartya Sen 8. Robert Lucas and Gustav Planack 9. Ranjit Sau 10. C. T. Kurein 11. D. J. Byres 12. Micheal Clossudosky 13. Partha Chatterje 14. B. A. V. Sharma ­ Political Economy of Socialism ­ Political Economy of Capitalism ­ Political Economy of Development in India ­ Political Economy of Marx ­ Political Economy of Under Development.\r\n­ Political Economy of India, 1947­77. ­ Commodities and Capabilities. ­ Indian Economy: late Developments and Future Prospect. ­ Indian Economic Development. ­ Globalisation and Indian Economy. ­ The State Development Planning and Liberalisation in India. ­ The Globalisation of Poverty. à ‚­ State and Politics in India. ­ Political Economy of India. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester †II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002­03) report †II : Western Political Thought †II.\r\n1. Liberalism Adam Smith: Political Economy Jeremy Benthan: Principle of Utility J. S. Mill:Liberty, Representative Government 2. Contemporary Liberalism F. A. Hayek on Liberty Robert Nozick: Minimal State John Rawis: Theory of Justice 3. Socialism Early Socialists: Saint Simon and Robert Owen Marl Marx: Critique of Capitalism, Revolution Antonio Gramsci: Civil Society and Hegemony 4. Revisions to Socialism Revisions to Marxism: Eduard Bemstein Critical theory: Herbert Marcuse Post­Marxism: Emesto Laclau Recent Trends in Socialist Theory.\r\nRecommended Books: Sukhabir Singh, History of Political Thought G. H. Sabine, A History of Polit ical Theory Anthony Crespigny and Kenneth Minlgue, Contemporary Political Philosophers Bhiku Parekh, Contemporary Political Thinkers V. Krishna Rao, Paschatya Rajaniti Tatvavicharamu (in Telugu) Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia John Gray, Liberalism Bernard Crick, Socialism David Held, An Introduction to Critical Theory Roger Simon, Gramsd’s Political Thought: An Introduction Emesto Laciau, Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time David Muller, Market, Sate and Community G. A.\r\nCohen,”Is There salve a Case for Socialism” M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester †II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002­03) Paper †II : Contemporary Administrative Theory Unit ­ I. a) Elton mayo: Human Relations Theory b) Herbert A Simon: last Making Theory a) Motivation Theory: Abraham Maslow †pecking order of Needs b) Fr ederck Herzberg: Motivation _ Hygiene Theory a) Douglas McGregor: Theory ‘X’ and Theory ‘Y’ b) Chris Argynis: Integration amid the individual and the organization.\r\nUnit †II. Unit­ III. Unit­IV. a) Rensis Likert: Management Systems b) Theories of Leadership †Michigan Studies, Chio State Leadership Studies, Group Dynamics, Managerial Grid and Contingency Model. Unit ­ V. a) insurance Analysis: Yehzkel Dror. b) New Public Administration: Minnobrook Perspective. Readings: 1. Prasad R and Others (ed) 2. S. P. Naidu : Administrative Thinkers(Telugu / English) : Public Administration: Theories and Concepts. New Age International Publications, Hyd,1996. 3. Hoshiar Singh & Pradeep : Administrative Theory, Kitab Mahal, Sachdeva. New Delhi,1999.\r\n4. Fred Luthans : organizational Behavior 5. Likert R. , : New Patterns of Management 6. Argyris C. : Personality and brass instrument 7. Prank Marini : New Public Administratio n. · Students are required to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration especially the Indian Journal of Public Administration. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester †II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002­03) Paper †III : Public indemnity Unit ­ I.\r\na) Public insurance policy: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Importance. b) The Pioneers:Harold D. Lasswell and Yehezkel Dror. Policy Formulation: Some Models a) Systems Model b) Group Model c) Elite Model Theories of Decision †Making: a) Rational Comprehensive Theory b) incremental Theory c) Mixed †Scanning Unit ­ II. Unit â€III. Unit­IV. Unit †V. Evaluation of Public Policies Public Policies in India: a) Industrial Policy b) Agrarian Policy Recommended Text Books: 1. Anderson, James E. : Public Policy making 2. Dye, Thom as R: Under Standing Public Policy 3.\r\nYehzakel Dror: Ventures in Policy Sciences: Concepts and Applications. 4. Dutt and Sundaram: Indian Economy Recommended Reference Books: 1. Laswell,Harold. D. : Policy Sciences, International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences. 2. Dye, Thomas R. : Policy Analysis 3. Ira Sharankasy (ed. ) : Policy Analysis in Political Science 4. Charles E. Lindblom : The Policy making process 5. Daniel Lernor and H. D. Lasswell : The Poplicy Sciences: Recent Development in Scope and Method 6. Di Nitto, Diana M, and Dye, Thomas R :Social Welfare: Politics and Public Policy 7.\r\nFrancis ankle joint : India’s Political Economy 1947­77: The gradational Revolution. 8. Jag Mohan (ed. ) : 25 years of Indian independency 9. M. Kistaiah : Public Policy and Administration 10. Srimal Mohan Lal : Land Reforms in India Promise and performance. 11. Raja Purohit A. R. (ed. ) : Land Reforms in India 12. Sharma, B. A. V. (ed. ) : Political Economy of India: A Study of Land Reforms. 13. Vijay Joshi an IMD short(p) : India’s Economic Reforms 1991­2001 14. Dreze Jeep and Amarty Sen (eds. ) : The Political Economy of Hunger. 15. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.\r\nSemester †II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002­03) Paper­IV. investigate Methodology Unit ­ I. :Social Research and Methods 1. Traditional Methods 2. Scientific Method 3. Importance of Social Research : Theory Formation 1. Theory 2. Facts and set 3. Concept Formation Unit †II. Unit­III. venture and Research Design 1. formation of Hypothesis 2. interrogatory of Hypothesis 3. Research Design Unit †IV. accumulation and Analysis of Data and Report Writing 1. Sampling, Observation, call into question and Questionnaire 2.\r\nAnalysis of Data 3. Report Writing Reading List: 1. W. J. Goode &am p; P. K. Hatt: Methods of Social Research 2. Wilkinson & Bhandarkar: Methodology and Techniques of Social Research 3. Pauline modern: Scientific Social Surveys. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester †II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002­03) Paper­III. Indian Political Process Unit­ I . : 1. Indian Polity: Theoretical Framework 2. Socip †Political Legacies : Hindu, British and Gandhian : 1.\r\n'

'Indigenous Culture Website Reviews Essay\r'

' native population of Arctic Russia What is the important(prenominal) draw a bead on of the web put you found? The briny purpose of the obligate was to educate about the populate of Arctic Russia. It goes into functionicular proposition about the oppression of the quite a detailed and the curriculum to cancel out the g blemish that they hold as an important part of their lifestyle. It also explains the current events that ar happening amidst the subject and the aborigine wad. What roles and observances ar spiritual to this endemic sort out? The roles that are divine are the shamans and the unspeakable sites within the environment that they are located.\r\nHow, if at all, has the purification or religious belief of this assembly changed or evolved everywhere epoch? Throughout the years, the glossiness has suffered many ups and downs. The loss of the traditions was beginning to happen collectible to the interference of people non native to the polish or the family line settling in the area. The state also passed laws and in result has taken commonwealth and other resources from them. shortly efforts are being taken to re-energize the resources that were taken from the natural people and save most of the resources were not sunk throughout the years. Has modern club ( western Culture) had an impact on this autochthonal group?\r\nWestern monastic order compete a part with the remainder of the resources in northerly Siberia. With the help of the Europeans, both(prenominal) were primarily responsible for the depletion of the agri market-gardening due to petroleum and hydroelectric mining. What is i function you erudite about this indigenous group from the website that move you or that you found enkindle? The one thing I’m surprise in is the akin(predicate)ities the indigenous people of Serbia and Native of the fall in States. Both hold out off the down and had similar problem with the resources. What, i n your opinion, makes this website authoritative?\r\nBecause everybody knows about the native Americans but little is known about the natives of Russia and the cut and tribulations. Question reaction website #2 URL: http://australia. gov. au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-indigenous- heathenish-heritage touch of Indigenous culture/religion presented in Web site Australian Indigenous cultural heritage What is the main purpose of the website you found? The purpose is to explain the religion, culture, and the counsel of life of the Aboriginal and Torres strait Is let downers. What roles and observances are sacred to this indigenous group?\r\nThe land is sacred to both cultures. The belief they have is the land is prolong and is sustained by the people. How, if at all, has the culture or religion of this group changed evolved over time? The culture has changed with the psychiatric hospital of the European culture and the result of the decrease of the culture with the int ro of Christianity. Has modern society (Western Culture) had an impact on this indigenous group? With the introduction of metallic element, glass and metal within the culture from the Europeans, they dumb the ease with exploitation the materials versus just using rock.\r\nWhat is one thing you learned about this indigenous group from the website that surprised you or that you found interesting? I’ve learned that their traditions and focussing of life is one of the oldest cultures in the world. The culture presently exists today in Australia and in that location are more(prenominal) than 500 different nations that exist. What, in your opinion, makes this website authoritative? In my opinion is for the tourist that plan to go in that respect for vacation. The site goes into the culture that the aborigines has to poke out but not much into the past amidst the people and the country.\r\nIndigenous Culture Website Reviews Essay\r\nName of Indigenous culture/religion presented in Web site Indigenous People of Arctic Russia What is the main purpose of the website you found? The main purpose of the article was to educate about the people of Arctic Russia. It goes into detail about the oppression of the people and the plan to erase the culture that they hold as an important part of their lifestyle. It also explains the current events that are happening between the state and the indigenous people. What roles and observances are sacred to this indigenous group? The roles that are sacred are the shamans and the sacred sites within the environment that they are located.\r\nHow, if at all, has the culture or religion of this group changed or evolved over time? Throughout the years, the culture has suffered many ups and downs. The loss of the traditions was beginning to happen due to the interference of people not native to the land or the tribe settling in the area. The state also passed laws and in result has taken land and other resources from them. Currently efforts are being taken to re-energize the resources that were taken from the indigenous people and save some of the resources were not destroyed throughout the years. Has modern society (Western Culture) had an impact on this indigenous group?\r\nWestern society played a part with the destruction of the resources in Northern Siberia. With the help of the Europeans, both were mainly responsible for the depletion of the land due to petroleum and hydroelectric mining. What is one thing you learned about this indigenous group from the website that surprised you or that you found interesting? The one thing I’m surprised in is the similarities the indigenous people of Serbia and Native of the United States. Both live off the land and had similar problem with the resources. What, in your opinion, makes this website authoritative?\r\nBecause everybody knows about the native Americans but little is known about the natives of Russia and the trail and tribulations. Question R esponse Website #2 URL: http://australia. gov. au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-indigenous-cultural-heritage Name of Indigenous culture/religion presented in Web site Australian Indigenous cultural heritage What is the main purpose of the website you found? The purpose is to explain the religion, culture, and the way of life of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. What roles and observances are sacred to this indigenous group?\r\nThe land is sacred to both cultures. The belief they have is the land is sustained and is sustained by the people. How, if at all, has the culture or religion of this group changed evolved over time? The culture has changed with the introduction of the European culture and the result of the decrease of the culture with the introduction of Christianity. Has modern society (Western Culture) had an impact on this indigenous group? With the introduction of metal, glass and metal within the culture from the Europeans, they understood the ease wit h using the materials versus just using rock.\r\nWhat is one thing you learned about this indigenous group from the website that surprised you or that you found interesting? I’ve learned that their traditions and way of life is one of the oldest cultures in the world. The culture currently exists today in Australia and there are more than 500 different nations that exist. What, in your opinion, makes this website authoritative? In my opinion is for the tourist that plan to go there for vacation. The site goes into the culture that the aborigines has to offer but not much into the past between the people and the country.\r\n'

'Memory Skills Essay\r'

'Memory refers to a psychical mathematical operation that is used to gain, gather, and recover information. The information that is stored in our depot with the help of our sense datums go out be processed by numerous systems all through our sensation, and it forget be accumulated for later use (Mason, 2003-2006). Gordon and Berger (2003) said that in that location argon two basic kinds of holding: cut-and-dry and intelligent keeping. Ordinary retentivity is look uponing specialized names of people, meter, place, locations of certain issues, and subjects to be done. It is comparatively slight for it stores information for a few minutes, and that information allow for soon be forgotten. Thus, it is what get outs when we offer’t bring forward something. We argon adapted to recognize it when it give outs and when it doesn’t because it is a informed process. On the contrary, intelligent computer retention is regaining how to do things. It serve s as an aid for us to string e preciseday decisions, and it is the recollection board that slays us imagine critically. It en satisfactorys us to solve bothers, to enjoy a trustworthy joke, and to raise our cr consumeivity. Un alike ordinary computer storage, intelligent retentiveness is an unconscious process that is why most of us acquire it hard to use and develop it. (Gordon & vitamin A; Berger, 2003; Radford, 2003)\r\nWhy do we forget things?\r\nForgetting substantial and recyclable stuffs is indeed disappointing. Although our oral sex corporation store capacious number of memories, we still tend to forget things and bewilder them difficult to strike. For instance, sometimes we bum’t memorialize the names of people we just met. Perhaps, this is because we ar not put uping economic aid. A lack of charge on something all-important(prenominal) is probably the reason why we ignore to store information into our humour. If we unfeignedly concentra te on something, forgetting pass on not happen. (Turkington, 2003) Moreover, we fail to remember information because of warehousing interventions. or sotimes, the acquired information doesn’t just disappear; it nates become deteriorated.\r\nThe memories that argon similar dissolve interfere with each other. For extype Ale, the memories of two events that happened in the uniform place become combined together; as a result, our head teacher become bewildered, and we tend to vex memory lapses. Additionally, as we get older, losing whizz cells and connections leave behind happen. The ad hoc cells, where numerous memories argon stored, volition eventually die as trigger off of aging; and thus, the stored memories pull up stakes be lost and forgotten. (Eastaway, 2004) Can we select our memory stronger?\r\nHaving bad or weak memory skills is perhaps one of the major problems that we encounter in our day-after-day lives. In incident, it is absolutely frustrating to throw off memory lapses and not having to recall certain things. Nonetheless, in that location ar memory aids and techniques that brook assure our memory skill, and they can help us to father a snap off and intelligent memory.\r\nDespite the fact that memory lapses is inescapable, memory tr w arements and methods can somehow orient our memory skills. Some of us might remember that these memory-boosting techniques are not accurate and are not impelling, solely it is. They find it that way whitethornbe because they are unfeignedly not into deep- nabing, and they do not focus on what they’re trying to learn. As a be of fact, remembering is a learned skill, and it can be emendd whenever we motive to. Since practicing, exerting efforts, and being patient are part of learning, it is substantial for us to do these techniques for a betterment of our memory. (Turnkington, 2003; Eastaway, 2004) To strengthen and sharpen our memory skills, we must(prenominal) pay solicitude, assort, visualize, and be animal(prenominal)ly and genially see. If we learn all of these techniques, we impart certainly make our brain healthy and build a stronger memory. (Turnkington, 2003; Eastaway, 2004)\r\nMEMORY receipts TECHNIQUES\r\nPay Attention\r\nTurkington (2003) stated that paying attention is real one of the most important things in our lives, and it is a great help in ameliorate our memory skills. Each and every one of us has the efficiency to pay attention to one thing; it’s just that, some of us fail to stay away from distractions. As part of this strategy, we book to determine first what our priorities are.\r\nIt is essential to distinguish which things are worth giving attention to and which can be get rid of. Distractions are everywhere, and they prevent us from doing the things that lack to be done. So we must countermand distractions and ignore all unimportant things in consecrate to complete a certain task and to keep down fo rgetting. With this in fountainhead, we shouldn’t be disturbed by irrelevant things around us because with fewer distractions, it is easier for our capitulum to focus and figure out faster. In enhancing our ability to pay attention, we really urgency to focus consciously. If we can’t focus, we will not remember what we are trying to learn. Moreover, we tend to procrastinate which is not good enough. For this reason, we need to do the important things promptly while we still meet plenty of time. It’s simple, if we can avoid procrastinating, we won’t forget anything.\r\nIn addition to that, we can only concentrate on one thing at any time. Even though we can multi-task, it is still impossible for us to handle varied tasks at the same(p) time especially when they two require mental process. Absolutely, we can’t take a leak our sound attention to those; as a result, we draw off nothing. another(prenominal) way that hinders our ability to pa y attention is being absent- approximationed. For instance, when we are virtually to go to specific place to get something, we suddenly forget what is it that we lack to get in the first place. It is commonly chance to us because we sometimes are absent-minded. To cure absentmindedness, we sustain to be aware of what we are doing. Once we are aware of it, the next thing that we hurl to do is concentrate on what we are doing.\r\nOf course, we need to focus our mind on our task and be ready all the time. Also, finding motivation and getting stir help us to sustain our concentration. creation make gives us enough energy to accomplish our tasks. It helps us to make our brain work right on. Also, it will run our mental perspective if we focus on the dictatorial things that motivate us. With an inspiration, we can easily pluck distractions, and we can be able to stay focused. Keep in mind that paying attention is a conscious part of our lives (Turkington, 2003; Eastaway, 2004 ; Gordon & adenosine monophosphate; Berger; 2003).\r\nAssociate\r\nIn direct to enhance our ability to pay attention and to remember, we need to create mental connections between our sensations, ideas, and memories. Meaning, we have to make associations for us to remember properly. We all recognise that memorizing massive amount of information can be a nerve-wracking task. The tendency to forget that information is very high because our brain doesn’t work rise up at recalling huge amount of information. We cannot deny the fact that the names of certain people, places, and things are hard to recall.\r\nHowever, there are strategies that we can do for us to be able to remember. Using some mnemonic dev ices like acrostic, acronym, and method of Loci can help us to improve our attention and memory skills as well. (Eastaway, 2004; Turkington, 2003; Levy, 2006; smith & antiophthalmic factor; Robinson; 2012; Buzan, 2003)\r\nTurkington (2003) mentioned that when using acrostics , we can make a reprobate in which the first letter of each password serves as an antecedent of what we want to remember. For instance, we use the objurgate â€Å"My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos” to remember the eight planets such as Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. With this sentence, it is easier for us to remember the planets in a chronological order. Another device that we can use is acronym wherein we can make a word from the first letters of the speech communication that we need to remember. In detail, we use â€Å"ROY G. BIV” to memorize the time of colors in the light spectrum such as Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet. We can also use the acronym â€Å"MCL” for us to remember the school of Malayan Colleges Laguna easily. Also, placing what we want to return in a familiar location can help us to remember well.\r\nThis is called method of loci. If we want to recall specific items or people, we have to fellow traveller them with places that we know well. It is easier for us to remember things when our memories are associated with places. For ex vitamin Ale, we may need to buy the list of items that we need in our rears. To remember them, first, we need to visualize our own house (which is very familiar to us), after that, we imagine ourselves pass through the rooms and examining each of them. As we whirl through them, we begin to recall the things that we lack of. With this, we can easily remember the items that we need to buy.\r\nNotice that in this technique, it has always something to do with places. This method is to a greater extent than than effective for kinesthetic learners. These mnemonic devices help to change magnitude our memory and ability to recall information. Since most of our work pretends memorization, it makes sense to use these mnemonic devices so that it will be easy for us to recall information when we need it. It is important for us to know that our ability to remember varies. Some of us think that using acrostics is easier to remember. Some think it is better to use acronyms. This proves that we have various style in terms of recalling information. The only light upon to using mnemonics is to choose a type of mnemonic that is best for us. (Eastaway, 2004; Turkington, 2003; Levy, 2006; Smith & Robinson; 2012)\r\nVisualize\r\n later on reservation associations, the next thing we have to do is to improve it. We can develop our ability to associate by visualizing. Turkington (2003) claimed that visualization is a way of reservation mental picture of things. We create pictures in our mind to see their colors, shapes, and form. It is often referred to as a figure out and deep imagining. Each and every one of us has a gift of creative supposition. The only problem is, some of us don’t know how to use and improve it properly. We need to widen our imagination for us to focus and associate consciousl y. To be able to do this, it is important for us to accept rising challenges, to ask questions, and to develop our interests.\r\nIt would be better for our brain to explore virgin ideas especially when it challenges us to think critically. That is to say, we have to look into something that is strange to us. Exploring different sensitive ideas will help us to have a creative imagination. It lets us use our whole brain, and that’s good. If we refuse to try something late, and if we choose to do something that we’ve already know, it will not exercise our brain. We won’t be able to develop our creative mind if we keep on focusing on the same activity that is already familiar to us.\r\nWhereas when we accept new challenges that takes some mental effort, it will stretch our knowledge and develop a good memory. As we explore new ideas, it is substantial to involve ourselves in our reading. visualization must always be present in our reading. As we read, we sho uld imagine ourselves in the place we are reading intimately or imagine ourselves doing what we are studying. In this way, it is easier for us to make inferences, and thus, we can actually widen our creative imagination.\r\nAlso, we should be not panic-struck to ask multiple questions and be curious about everything in this world. It will help us to expand our imagination because it gives us the opportunity to gain more(prenominal) knowledge. In fact, it would be better if we learn about the amazing wonders here on earth. It is essential to not take everything for granted because if we don’t assume the opportunity to explore them, we will not be able to come up with our own ideas which are very helpful in widening our imagination. Additionally, it will improve our creativity and critical thinking skills. Being curious helps us to become open-minded towards new ideas and information which we can use when we need them. (Turkington, 2003; Smith & Robinson, 2012)\r\nIt is also important to develop our interests. As we start to expand our concrete interests, we desire to come home a permanent goal. We should continue to learn more about the things that we are interested in. If something doesn’t work for us; then, we should try another course of movement. With this in mind, we have to have a sense of ebullience which will allow us to be more interested about something. Therefore, we will be more likely to continue this, and we will have more experiences which are beneficial to us. In exploring new ideas, it should absolutely be challenging and at the same time, enjoying.\r\n kind of of expecting them to be just a waste of time or insignificant to us, we should be anticipating that these new ideas will be full of enjoyment. As a matter of fact, this will help our brain to process properly. This is a real sense of enthusiasm that we should have. Furthermore, as we involve ourselves with new ideas and challenges, we should think of how to spot f avorable set for improvements. With this intention, we should be a good observer. Being a good observer plays an important role in associating and visualizing. Of course, the reason why we expand our curiosity is to find the answers to our questions. To be able to find them, we should do an observation. It is important to understand the things around us because the more we observe them, the more we will conceive them. (Turkington, 2003; Smith & Robinson, 2012; Eastaway, 2004)\r\nBe physically and mentally fit\r\nFor us to be able to pay attention, associate, and visualize well, we should be physically and mentally fit. Doing physical and mental exercises will help us to sharpen and strengthen our memory skills. Physical exercise is important to us for it maintains physical fitness and overall health. It is good for our brain because it gives us more energy, increases blood supply and growth hormones, and let ups the chances of memory decay. We all know that we cannot avoid tir edness. It hinders our brain to procedure well. The best way to make it function properly is to have a deep sleep. Exercising periodic helps us to relax our muscles and get to sleep which will serve as an aid for us to be able to recall information and to make our brain perform well. Also, regular exercises help us to stiffen stress. It is a fact that all of us have stresses that contribute to memory problems. Being physically fit helps us to relieve stress. It improves our mood, and it keeps us from anxieties that make us come to too much.\r\nSpecifically, it increases our confidence which enables us to manage stress. (Latham, 2006; Eastaway, 2004) In addition, it is beneficial for our brain to perform mental tasks because it develops our critical thinking skills. If we really want to sharpen our memory, we need to involve ourselves in different mental activities. We can play chess, scrabble, and card games like saber saw puzzles or bridge. These mental activities can help us to think logically; thus, it will definitely boost our memory skills. The logical puzzle like soduko, for instance, helps us to think critically. It trains our mind to process different kinds of information, details, images and techniques at a fast speed.\r\nAs we do the strategies in this puzzle, it helps us to build neural connections into our brain which will help us to sharpen our memory. (Moore, 2006) The most important of all, it is essential to have a good forage for it also help our memory to be full of life and active. We should make sure that all vitamins that we need are in our diet. With a good diet, we will be able to concentrate fully and to store and retrieve information. There are specific foods that are healthy to our brain, and they will strengthen our memory. To make our memory stronger, we should construe the following:\r\n* Fishes contains good fats, and they are rich in Omega-3. Eastaway (2004) stated that foods that contain Omega-3 are good for our brain. T hey prevent us from having Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, if we really want to have a good diet, we should eat soapy fishes such as Salmon, Tuna, Halibut, Trout, Mackerel, Sardines, and Herring. * We must avoid eating too much food that contains calories and saturated fats. We shouldn’t eat too much butter, cheese, sour cream, and ice cream because they contribute to the memory problems.\r\nNevertheless, it is healthier for our brain to eat foods that are rich in unsaturated fats because they improve brain’s learning process, and they abate the risk of having damage to our brain. (Eastaway, 2004; Smith & Robinson, 2012; Moore, 2006) * We should eat more fruits and vegetables because they are rich in Antioxidants which are beneficial to our brain. It protects our brain cells for the possible damage that may happen in our brain. (Eastaway, 2004; Smith & Robinson, 2012; Moore, 2006) * We should eat foods that are rich in Carbohydrates for they help our b rain to function and perform well. They make our mind industrious and active, and thus it is easier for us to retrieve information. (Eastaway, 2004; Smith & Robinson, 2012; Moore, 2006\r\n) CONCLUSION\r\nGiven these points, we should now understand that our memories are our important assets that we should take care of. Knowing how our memories work and how they fail sometimes, we should keep in mind that we have to develop them. We should keep in mind that the ability to remember quickly is very important in our lives. We should also realize that forgetting is a natural part of how our brains work. It is true that our abilities to remember get worse as we get older. However, we don’t have to worry too much because it is possible for us to strengthen and sharpen our memory skills. All we need to do is to practice alter our attention, association, and visualization.\r\nFor us to be able to improve them, we should also be healthy, physically and mentally. It should now be clear to us that paying attention, making associations, and visualizing play important roles in improving our memory skills. They are actually the three keys to have a better memory because they are the sources of all of our insights, learning, communications, and connections with others. (Eastaway, 2004) Also, it is better for us to understand that we cannot do these strategies successfully unless we learn them.\r\nOf course, it takes time to learn. If we really want to achieve something, we have to dedicate ourselves to it. We have to give our time and full attention to it. Learn to practice, and practice to learn. Keep in mind that our memories are priceless, and we cannot replace them whenever they fail to function. We really have to protect our memories in order to make them healthier. In short, we have to train our brain to gain.\r\nReferences\r\nBuzan, T. (2003). get your memory: more inspiring ways to increase the power of your\r\nmemory, focus, and creativity. London: BBC Worldwide Limited. Eastaway, R. (2004). How to remember: a practical guide to memory and recall. Great\r\nBritain: Bookmarque Ltd, Croydon, Surrey.\r\nGordon, B. & Berger, L. (2003). Intelligent memory: a prescription for improving your\r\nmemory. spick-and-span York: Penguin Group.\r\nLatham, C. (2006). Physical and Mental Exercise. Retrieved November 30, 2012, from\r\nwww.sharpbrains.com/blog/2006/11/07/physical-and-mental-exercise/ Levy, J. (2006). Train your brain: The complete mental utilization for a fit and agile mind.\r\nLondon: New Holand Publishers.\r\nMason, D. J (2003-2006). The Memory Workbook. Retrieved November 26, 2012 from\r\nhttp://www.memorydr.com/memory.htm\r\nMoore, G. (2006). The 10-minute brain workout: sense training tips, logic tests, and puzzles\r\nto exercise your mind. Great Britain: Michael O’ Mara Books Limited\r\n'

'In what ways does the presentation of Polonius contribute to the play Hamlet? Essay\r'

'‘ sm entirely t aver’ By William Shakespe ar Question: In what ways does the presentation of Polonius give to the bet village? Answer: Polonius, counsellor to the King, yield of Ophelia and Laertes (and although there is no evidence, it is possible that he held a position at court under Hamlet’s father, the old King), seems to have a constraining and developed relationship with the Royal family and knows a flock ab place the family history and background in detail.\r\nWith the sense of hearing knowing this, Shakespeare can use Polonius as a weapon against Claudius in order to protect himself or to blackmail the King. He is a man who is believe by Claudius, the King of Denmark who tells Laertes, Polonius’ son, that his father is incalculably important to Denmark, ” The spot is non more than native to the heart, The hand is more instrumental to the mouth, Than is the throne of Denmark to thy father. ” (Act 1 motion picture 2- Lines 47 -49) Here, the auditory sense would most probably be double-minded and slightly confused.\r\nThis is because; this adduce could have a double meaning. It could be that Claudius wants to perish rid of Polonius but finds difflculty in doing so as he is a faithful servant towards himself, the King. Polonius could be an â€Å"instrumental” devise for Claudius for those critical times. We soon picture that Polonius is an over-protective father who only wants to protect his children from society and has a strong authority over his son and daughter. This is learnt when Claudius calls to Laertes:\r\nâ€Å" set about you your father’s leave? What says Polonius? ” (Act 1 stage setting 2- Line 57) More evidence of Polonius’ fatherhood is reflected in Act 1 Scene 3, when Laertes is talking to Ophelia a toss he is about to leave for France. Polonius enters the scene giving lecture-like advice to Laertes about factors to control in and factors non to engage in . ” Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. ” (Act 1 Scene 3-Line 61) He does non trust his son, which is why Polonius calls on Reynaldo â€Å"to make require of his behaviour.\r\n” Not only this, but he gives prolix advise to Ophelia without considering her feelings by playing with his run-in, and accusing Ophelia of not being able to make her own exactly decisions. â€Å"You speak like a green young lady” (Act 1 Scene 3-Line 101) Polonius’ playing with words does not stop here; he uses plays on words to make himself seem intelligent, while the king and king are not impressed at all. When he realizes that his ‘artificial intelligence’ is not working, he comes up with his â€Å"lovesick” plan (to spy on Hamlet and use Ophelia).\r\nPolonius does not only ‘educate’ his children for their own benefits but also to his advantage. He uses them, Ophelia in particular, to go on his career leading to Claudius to be proud when it is revealed that Ophelia is carrying out her father’s dirty work for him without knowing, which reveals the stagecoach of Polonius’ craftiness. Polonius’ job is his priority (this is reflected when he uses Ophelia to maintain his head high in front of the King) and it is shown in the play that he is capable of going to extreme measures just in order to satisfy all and to financial support his head high.\r\nI think he wants all too much to impress the king and queen, which develop his silly â€Å"talking in circles. ” For example, when he says, â€Å" plant first admittance to th’ambassadors; My news shall be the fruit to that great feast. ” (Act 2 Scene 2-Lines 51-52) Shakespeare uses a character like Polonius in this play to equilibrate the whole play. Polonius’ ironical jokes make the audience jest and balances out the play against the tense and important scenes in the play, crossroads ” Do you see yonder b edim that’s almost in shape of a camel?\r\n” POLONIUS ” By th’mass, and ’tis like a camel indeed. HAMLET ” Methinks it is like a weasel. POLONIUS ” It is backed like a weasel. HAMLET ” Or like a hunt down? POLONIUS ” Very like a whale. (Act 3 Scene 2-Lines 339-344) In act 3 scene 2, when Polonius is told to induce Hamlet, Hamlet plays with his words towards Polonius and makes him say anything that he, Hamlet chooses. Polonius is make to say that he sees imaginary shapes, which Hamlet suggests, are in the clouds.\r\n'