Formations And Techniques In Soccer Physical Education Essay

Formations And Techniques In Soccer Physical Education quizDifferent type of makeups may be used depending on the attainment of the opposite team but also whether the team is playing more(prenominal) attacking or defending. A 4-2-4-1 formation is a association football formation with only one striker upfront. The striker is the shammer located highest up the field, his of import task is to wee-wee goals for the team. Before we could analysis the 2 impostors in the case, we would like to look at some of the tips to be a approximate striker. A good striker mustiness be able bursting charge the thumping in the goal (good at striking). A striker who spate tag goals on a ceaseless basis forget convey authorised to his team. As a striker, he needs to learn to score with all antithetical parts of the body.Shot on Site (aiming). In today game, scoring opportunities are so rare as compared to plump duration, so when the striker has the chances to shot, dont wait. In addi tion, good strikers must constantly course (good agility and despatch), trying to create spaces and taking risks.It only takes one. Many strikers will beat fakers and create space for themselves, but yet hesitate to bourgeon in front of goal. cipher 1 below shows the no of time both the player score a goal, save with 2 reach and blocked. Preliminary analyses from Figure 1, revealed that player B tends to score more goals (13) than player A (8), since the coach are looking for a striker, the ability to saved with 2 hands and blocked are not so distinguished as compared to the ability to score.Figure 2 shows the no of chances both player A and B missed by shooting the ball replete(p) away from the goal post, shooting the ball besides high in front of goal post and missed a goal fifty-fifty in front of the goal post. As observed, player A tends to submit higher misses (12) than player B (2), in terms of shooting the ball wide. The different of shooting the ball too high is not too great among the 2 players.In summary, as compared to player A, player B is a key returning scorer, who averaged a healthy 13 goals in the resist season. His expertises on attack puts extreme speech pattern on argue defenses. He is sharp on the goal, seldom placed the ball wide. However, he tends to have some misses when he is near the goal post. The final pickax Player B to be selected.Figure 1 Players able to scoreFigure 2 Players not able to scorePart BWhat is periodization?Periodization is outlined as a process to structure the teach broadcast into phases, where athletes will train more and more and with variety. In general, a standard periodization jut out consists of macro motor beat (2-4 months), meso cycle (2-6 weeks) and micro cycle (5-7 days) which last for at least 12 months. Tudo Bompa is the man who rectifyd the provision system invented by the USSR, the improved periodization system stressed the importance of having different schooling stress througho ut the year rather than to represent a constant prepare computer programme. Using this method, Tudo Bopma has produced 11 medalists in various Olympics including 2 gold medals and 2 World championships for track and field and rowing (Wikipedia, 2010).The importance and relevance of periodization in frolicsMany times, athletes are no desireer motivated to train because they accomplished that their sport performance have not improved, no matter how exhausting they train hard. Having periodization is the way to change the athletes breeding program at regular intervals so that the athletes raft work harder. Periodization potful be applied to umteen various sport ranging from cycling, marathon, rowing and it can be used it on both male and female.Periodization training, in particular includes 7 different major(ip) components, they are technical, effectivity, power, stimulate, anaerobic, aerobic and mental. A study conducted for 34 women at the piece Performance Laboratory at Ball State University has proved that a periodized strength-training program can give better results than a non-periodized program The women in the periodized group have gained more in lean heftiness, greater reductions in body fat and more strength gains than the non-periodized group afterwards 12 weeks (Marx, J.O, 2001).Factors that affect periodizationPeriodization platform can be affected by several(prenominal) factors, these includes training stress and non training stress. Athletes undergo training or disceptation too intensively will usually become fatigue after sometimes. Fatigue is one of the factors that affect the athletics sport performance on that pointfore coaches developing the periodization political program must includes management of fatigue also. Athletes are human after all, they will get wan and injured sometimes, when athletes are sick they are no longer able to continue and follow the periodization plan. other(a) non training stresses are lose of financial support from family or association,Lack of motivation from the athletes themselves,Social environment like countries at war, un sleep,Too such(prenominal) travelling that causes sickness among some athletes.Description of the victory of the periodization planThe success of the periodization plan is when all the athletes are able to complete all the rival that the coaches have planned, with no injuries and sickness, they are able to reach their peak sport performance and win medals for the countries, clubs etc.Training plan for MarkFigure 1 Macro Cycle for 12 months for Mark in 2010 2011Observations in relation to the skills, motor abilities and types of training in a training plan for Mark.According to Dr Ivan Astori (Dr Ivan Astori, 2010), a in effect(p) knee reconstruction surgery is a major operation. Patients like Mark will experience high microscope stage of pain after the operation and pain medication will be needed for the first 1 to 3 days. He will be able t o sit in a chair and walk with crutches inwardly 1 to 5 days. Mark will then undergo reclamation and physiotherapy till he is able to straighten out, flex and avoid his knee. Next, he will be able to swim after 2 weeks of the surgery. After 2 to 3 months, the patient will be walking, biking and golfing, although course and jumping are discouraged. A full recovery to full strength is expected to take up 6 months.A successful association football player like Mark, he needs to rely on the critical coordination of stability, agility and power production, hence during the periodization cycle, needs such as proprioceptive and kinesthetic awareness components must be heavily trained so to put him back into competitive level. In addition, footwork drills are also important for him because of the numerous quick and rapid changes in direction and speed that excrete during the match. With all these in mind, a periodization plan that includes different frequency, different intensity, tim e of training and type of training like aerobic, anaerobic, speed, power, strength, technique, simulated military operation, will need to plan for him. ad hoc objectives on the various phases of training/cycles in his training plan.A typical English Premier League season will become in Aug and ends in May close year, hence the periodization plan has to clo gather upn on in Sep and end til Jul when the new season starts in Aug. The periodization plan for Mark were broken into different meso level like General Preparation, Specific Preparation, Pre Competition, Competition, Recovery cycles as shown in figure 1 and also the different volume and intensity level.First, in the general preparation cycle which last for 5 months, since Mark is still recovering from his knee surgery, all the training will be concentrating on building his overall strength, improve his mental skill and aerobic level, but the level of intensity and volume must be maintained at low level (e.g. range 1 to 2, as shown in figure 2). The types of training could include swimming, cycling, incubus training and slow jogging. All the training will be increased progressively from 1st to the 5th month without the comprised of the players injury.Second, in the specific preparation cycle which last for the next 5 months, Marks training will be concentrating on Speed, Power and Mental skill, however as compared to the previous 5 months, the intensity and volume will have to slightly increase by 1 tick. The job of training speed in soccer can be very complex and it must be planned properly. here(predicate) are some of the attributes that will make a better playerSpeeding quickly off the markAccelerating quickly over 10-15 yards unassailable speed enduranceFast possession of the ballFastness of feet or agilityAble to change direction quicklyThe ability to realize skills quicklyFast in thinking (Sporting Excellence Ltd, 2010)The types of training are as followAt the start of a training session, sp eed training like speed drills that completed over short distances with rests can be conducted, e.g. 6 X 25 meters each (500 meters total) with 2.5 minutes rest between each rep.Soccer players must have the ability to maintain high levels of speed, even when tired, speed endurance e.g. run a long distance 150 yards at full intensity (90% 100%) with full recovery 15 minutes between each repetition.The types of Power training for Mark are weight training that includes high intensity, high weights and fast moving reps. The weight training will accomplish two of the main goals for the players they are injury prevention and improved performance.Third, in the pre-competition and competition cycle which last for 1 month and 8 months respectively, emphasis should be addicted to technique, tactical, mental skill and anaerobic training. Technical training should include change the skill of kicking, dribbling, passing, shooting, throw in and heading. The 2 major components of soccer tactics are how to attack and defend. Tactical drills are executed in training sessions to develop an understanding of the tactics to be used in the next games against the weaknesses of the opposition team. The most popular type of anaerobic training for soccer players is interval training. This helps the soccer players to develop strength through short bursts of speed in a variety of actions such as stopping, turning, and directional changes.Lastly, in the recovery cycle which last for at least 1 month, there are several methods can be apply to the players such as complete rest, like taking a 1 week pull without any soccer training, go for massage, there are some verificatory effects of massage, these include relief of muscle fatigue and reduction of excessive swelling. Relaxation techniques can also improve the players ability to focus. Also, go to see a doctor for any physical damages to the players body.Figure 2 Volume Vs Intensity for the Macro CycleTaperingTapering is defined as th e practice of reducing exercise in the days rightful(prenominal) before an important competition, lessen is used in many endurance sports, such as the marathon, athletics and swimming. A significant period of tapering like a week or more is essential for optimal performance. During tapering, volume, intensity, load of the training should be reduce so that the players can achieve peak performance during the game.Specific intervention strategies to improve Marks feat skills and fitness.The following are some of the strategies help to improve Marks apparent motion skill and fitnessTo build up the strength and endurance of his complication muscles, in particular doing weight training for quadriceps and hamstrings. The type of weight training for quadriceps are squats (3 sets of 15 reps), lunges (3 sets of 15 reps), rowlock extension, leg lifts , leg press and for hamstrings are leg curls, leg dead lift, lunges.To improve his cardiovascular conditioning, Marks need to move his body with his large muscle groups over a sustained period of time. these exercise can be cycling, swimming, jogging, circuit weight training.

Strategic change in organizations Creative and Innovation Strategic hrm

Strategic flip-flop in organisations Creative and Innovation Strategic hrmThe chemical gene of miscellanea is mavin of the most certain factors in an presidencyal life. The certainty of sort gives birth to the contend of its appropriate vigilance. Academics presented various theoretical accounts of the veer focusing kindred McKinsey 7-S perplex, Kotters Eight Step tack instance, etc. In this section of the typography we every(prenominal)ow respect the changing environment of Abbey field in the stream parsimoniousness by employing tercet illustrations of turn i.e. 5 Ps posture of Pryor, McKinsey 7-S Model, and Lewins Change Management Model in detail.5 Ps Model of PryorIntroductionThe 5P pretence is a joint presentation of Mildred Golden Pryor, J. Chris White, Leslie A. Toombs and toilette H. Humphreys. It is a moulding of strategicalalal solicitude to obtain organisational success through and through 5 variables aim, Principles, Processes, passel, and Per reboundance.Key Points of the ModelThe points menti 1d down the stairs formulate the modelPurpose is a variable that includes the objectives, stopping points, care, strategies, feed backrest, and vision, and any in all early(a) factors that show the intensions of the organization. Leaders of the organizations should clearly deliver the strategies and tactics to the module in inn to obtain the organisational goals. The other variables like principle and processes essential be aligned with the ending.Principles be the next P after Purpose. They dig all organisational attitudes, assumptions and philosophies that indicate how to manoeuvre the business. They likewise include ethics and other integrity elements to which employees requisite to sacrifice the commitment at the period of hiring. They atomic number 18 extremely important for the self-made execution of organisational activities.Principles should be aligned with processes that involve all those i nfrastructure, systems, procedures and structure which be employed by organisation for the production of goods and for performing serve.People ar a multitude of individuals that buy the farm hold of the organisational purposes by pursuance principles of the organisation. consummation is comprised of all the metrics, heads and measurements that ar utilizationd as a standard for decision cook process of the organisation. The establishment of measurement and feedback is an important business of leader for the desire run survival and emolumentability of the organisation. every(prenominal) higher up decl ard 5Ps must be aligned with each other if the organisational leadership want to achieve a maximum efficiency and output (Pryor, et al 2007).Relevance of 5 Ps Model to Abbey field in the current economyThe 5P model is of relevance to Abbey discipline in the current economy, in particular when it is under dismissal a free counter metamorphose of its history. This is so because the 5Ps model is a best suit for strategic, quality, organisational, and miscellanea commission. As Abbey theme is overinterpreted by Grupo Santander, which is an external beveling crowd so the refreshful leader has to realize the current economic origins of the UK in order of battle to make this investment worthwhile (Winslow, 2005, p.8).Along with this the parvenue leader should communicate the organisational purpose and principles clearly to the citizenry. The processes should also be made clear from the leaders in order to remove any ambiguity. Lastly, leaders need to set up processes appropriately to reward the success of mountain. Thus by following the 5P model the occurrence of revision in Abbey field set up be managed in truth intimately by retentivity in bring in the current economy of UK.Lewins Change Management ModelIntroductionIn the 1950s, idea of flip focusing was presented by Kurt Lewin in a form of terzetto locomote model. For over 40 years his model ruled in the compass of form forethought.Core points of the ModelHis model is explained in below verbalize pointsIn order to tool a assortment effort Lewin purposed three step process to managers and that is Unfreeze-Change-Freeze (Burne, 2004).Unfreeze is a stage in which those employees are motivated who either do non accept change or are not accustomed to the change occurred in the processes and duties (Burne, 2004). Lewin is of view that for the productive adoption of advanced behavior, the old behavior needs to be discarded. Schein (1996, p.27) explains that three factors i.e. status quo disconfirmation regarding its validity, anxiety for survival and creation of psychological safety are essential for the attainment of unfreezing stage.The second stage is the phase in which the change is implement and adjusted. This stage is a transitional period in which people are unfrozen and started moving towards a tender way (Burne, 2004).The net phase is freez ing or refreezing in which the organization is streng soed and people or employees are allowed to refreeze (Burne, 2004).Relevance of Lewins Change Management Model to Abbey study in the current economyThis model can be pertinent to Abbey National in the current economy because it defines ways for change management by keeping in view the psychological behaviour against the element of change. The employees of Abbey National would not accept the change if they are not treat by advanced-sprung(prenominal) leaders fit in to their mind. As the change has been occurred at Abbey National so by employing unfreezing strategies they bequeath be able to palmyly cover the transitional phase in order to refreeze towards the impudent-fangled directions.If untested leaders do not reduce the anxiety of people by providing them safety the change cannot be implemented successfully. Lewin rightly acknowledged that change is not merely a step merely a tour that needs persistent and strong efforts.McKinsey 7-S ModelIntroductionThe 7S frame treat was presented by McKinsey and Company in 1980s. It is not a pure dodge model but an approach that focuses on the force of the change employed by the leaders to achieve superior performance by affecting organizational change (PAPERS4YOU, 2010).Core points of the ModelThe model is based on the points explained underneathHe draws a line of distinction amongst managers and leaders of the organizations (Watson, 1983).For McKinsey the organizational development depends on seven factors and that are system, skills, structure, systems, mental faculty, shared values, and a panache (Watson, 1983).Managers rely on a hard Ss like systems, strategy, and structure whilst leaders work with soft Ss like shared values, staff, style, and skills.The harda variables are more tangible, workable and easy to identify against softa because they are salutary documented in the form of corporate plans, organisational charts and strategy statements, etc. (Burtonshaw-Gunn, 2009).McKinsey explains systems as scheduled processes and procedures that organisation follows. Likewise, strategy is a way that is adopted during imagery allocation for the attainment of delimit organisational goals. The function managerial harda is a structure which means the chassis of the organisations (Burtonshaw-Gunn, 2009). shared out values are the guiding themes and things of the organisation that e genuinelyone knows are essential for the organisations successful functioning. The factor of staff means the description of people needed by the organisation. The pattern of action whether symbolic or actual that are adopted for the organisational confabulation at large scale is known as style. Lastly, skills are a bunch of the attributes and unique competencies of the organisation (Watson, 1983).The model neckties readiness with the organisational change by stating that all variables i.e. softa or harda are interdependent. Thus, organisational c hange as a whole is necessary instead of changing one or two variables (Grant, 2008).The softa variables are challenging for all kinds of change management strategies. This is because managing staff resistance against changing organisational structure and values is very hard (Grant, 2008).The change management in case of organisations is also difficult because employees are determine and back up for their innovations and thus are an important part of any organisation (Grant, 2008).Relevance of 7S model to Abbey National in the current economyThe organisational depth psychology of Abbey National is very indulgent especially by using the 7S model, when it is undergoing a big organisational change. Moreover, the dynamic and complex nature of softa variables is also fashioning the task little challenging. Few points mentioned underneath are important to remember in the first place making psychoanalysis of Abbey National with the help of the 7S framework modelAbbey National was a U K based bank that was taken over by Grupo Santander in 2004, that is an inter subject banking group headquartered in Spain.This change in Abbey National is forceful in respect of cultural and demographic differences.Abbey National has rebranded since 2010 which means the change has occurred in its softa variables. This is because the source of leadership has moved from UK to Spain. As softa and harda variables are close interrelated according to the 7S framework so change in softa pass on transform the harda factors as well. These days UK economy is going through the last phase of global economic crises of 2008. As the result of which, a pie-eyed resistance is expected from the staff which is one of the constituting softa factors. Managers that are an exact reverse category of leaders drive to can with this situation with great care. They concur to manage two kinds of changes one that has occurred in the organisational staff and the second is the final result change that com es in the strategy of the organisation as the result of staff resistance. In brief, both changes can be handled appropriately if managers and leaders work in coordination with each other. character BChange Management and 5Ps Model of Pryor at Abbey NationalAlthough all higher up stated models are applicable to Abbey Nationals changing condition but 5Ps model is the most appropriate to implement and monitor the change occurred at the local bank of UK. It is suitable because it all in all and constantly analyzes change by employing various management techniques and concepts.Plan for the writ of execution of 5Ps model of change in Abbey NationalThe Plan for the execution of instrument of 5Ps model is illustrated belowHistoryAbbey National was the sixth major bank in the social united Kingdom and was ranked second in terms of heights mortgage lending before the science by Santander Ltd, a well known transnational banking chain in the Euro zone. At the time of learnedness it was going in a loss of $1.6bn for a year 2002, against a profit of 1.47bn a year earlier. Later, Santander group took it over in 2004. Upon this change of leadership the goals, objectives, and strategies, etc of the bank has been restated which are mentioned underneath (Pryor et al., 2007).PurposeIt includes all strategic theories like mission, vision, goals, objectives, etc. The mission and objectives of Abbey National arrive changed with its rebranding. Thus managers need to device impudent strategies and technologies in order to achieve the big goal of Abbey which is to lift the customers trust on the bank along with the introduction of international banking at Abbey. The immature mission of the bank needs to be wholly delivered to all the stakeholders especially, people. Moreover it should also be aligned with the innovative principles of the bank.PrinciplesIt includes the ism and attitude of Santander Ltd which are mentioned belowThe philosophy of hot leaders is to amplif ication the nature of Abby National from indigenous banking to the international criteria.All employees have to conduct by the international banking rules and ethics instead of domestic UK rules during their job tenure. dishonest consumers go away be treated according to international banking law.ProcessesIt involves the theories pertaining to systems like structure, procedures and communication channels, etc for the production of goods and services. The reinvigorated leadership of Abbey National entrust introduce following new services and product mentioned belowIt will launch online banking at international level. In this way offshore consumer can also leave their accounts and avail the services of Abbey National from outside the UK.An offshore foreign transpose services will also be introduced at Abbey National.In increment competitive overseas interest rates will be introduced.PeopleThis P includes all behavioural theories and aspects like team, individual, different type s of customers and suppliers, etc. The new leader will bring following change in this knowledge baseInternal consumer will be briefed or so international banking whilst external customers will be encouraged at Abbey National.For the availability and provision of new products and services internal and external suppliers will be encouraged to make bids via tender.To visit the local consumer and to contribute in the economy of UK local people will be recruited along with outsiders.Team members and individual workers will be encouraged by offering bonuses and other benefits on the display of good performance.PerformanceIt includes measurement and feedback strategies like benchmarking, etc. The change will be implemented by keeping in view the performance of the people running(a) at Abbey National. In respect of performance of the organisation below mentioned locomote will be undertakenIndividual and team work will be awarded with appropriate feedback.Clear measuring scales are defi ned to note mickle the performances of workers at Abbey National. These measures will not only keep the leaders street smart on recent changes but also provide employees information about the performance of all the activities of Abbey Bank.Measures to monitor the change ProgressAll above stated Ps will work in perfect connective with each other. They are well integrated with each other and will not be assessed individually. To monitor the progress of change at Abbey National the above analysis will be employed.Section C perspicacity to use a suitable strategic intervention technique in Abbey NationalThe development of any organisation greatly depends on strategic intervention techniques. An organisation is a workplace where people of different attitudes and gauge have to work with each other by resolving the remote issues. A strategic intervention technique is way by which workers get training on how to work with the different types of people in order to achieve the goals of or ganisation.Abbey National plc is one of the most renowned banks in the UK that offers mercantile services. The operation of Abbey has expanded internationally after the takeover by Santander, which is one of the largest financial groups. Currently, Abbeys staff is composed of the diverse workforce due to which government issue of conflicts among workers is very normal aspect.In such circumstances there is a dire need of an appropriate strategic intervention technique. The technique should encompass the followingsIt should educate employees on how to work efficiently with the different types of individuals.It should encourage workers to respect their co-workers in all organizational spheres.Section DThe need for strategic change in Abbey NationalThe strategic change means the change in organizational mission, goals and objectives. There are many causes of strategic changes and one of the most prominent is the change in the leadership of the organisation. The acquisition of Abbey N ational by Santander Ltd provides the ground for the strategic change in Abbey National. This is so because the new leaders of Abbey National will restate the goal, and objectives according to their vision (Winslow, 2005).Abbey National was UK based bank while its acquisition by Santander Ltd converts it into international bank. This new status has been given to Abbey National by introducing offshore online and offline banking services. Now managers and workers have to adopt new strategies in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the bank.The factors crusade the need for strategic change in Abbey NationalSome factors that are driving the need for strategic change in Abbey National are assessed belowChange in the vision and mission of the banks leadership. The previous leadership of Abbey National was local so their aims and objectives were national. With the takeover of Santander Ltd the banks objectives and missions were transformed to international, which created the need for strategic change.Change in the category of customers. The majority of customers were local before the acquisition of Santander Ltd. The customers authorship changed after the addition of international customers.The composition of suppliers also changed after the acquisition of Santander Ltd. International suppliers started working along with national suppliers.The strategies and tactics to attain new organisational goals also generate the need for strategic change.Section E sound judgment of the resource implications of Abbey National not responding to strategic changeSome of the resources that are not responding to the strategic change at Abbey National are assessed underneathSmall investors that were attached to Abbey National before its rebranding are not judge its recent status. In particular they are opposing the change of banks stimulate and the revamping of its branches. Thus the new leaders and managers need to make proper strategy in order to satisfy their stakeholde rs (Market put on Global Round-up, 2003).The shareholders of banks are also rebelling against pay policy of Abbey including its reward strategy.The business strategies employed by new managers and leaders are also not being appreciated by market partners of Abbey National. As the result of this the bank has to face the fluctuating figures of wholesale business and mortgages.Although the social order of UK is one of the modern societies in the worldly concern but Abbey National need many time to revitalize its figure of speech of online banking, especially of mobile banking? For this purpose the bank management needs to increase the security measures against its online banking services and products.The employees at Abbey National are also responding very slowly to the strategic change. This is so because old workers need some time to adjust with the new ones. The leaders need to align their people with the processes in order to achieve the purposes of the new leadership of the b ank (Cave, 2004).Section FSystems development to involve stakeholders in the supplying of changeThe major national and international stakeholders of Abbey National are shareholders, employees, customer, business partners and community. A bank functions with the coaction of all stakeholders, so to take all of them on board during preparation of change is very essential. The system to involve stakeholders in the planning of change is developed by employing 5Ps model of Pryor which is illustrated belowThe brief description of above illustrated points is stated underneathThe new objectives and goals of the leaders should be well communicated to all stakeholders especially shareholders, employees and business partner. This is so because they are directly influenced by the profit and loss of the bank. If the stakeholders are divided on the implementation of change then leaders should try to convince the opposite side with the help of those who favours the change.The new philosophy of re vamping and giving the bank international status should be powerful delivered to all stakeholders. This is so because with the mutual cooperation of all stakeholders the changed objectives of Abbey National can be attained.With the rebranding of Abbey International the means of production and services are also changed. All stakeholders must be taken in trust on this change.The new purposes like the objectives and products and services of Abbey National should be delivered to employees in particular and other stakeholders in customary.Lastly all stakeholders like national and international customers, suppliers and shareholders, etc should be well informed with the performance of the bank (Botin, 2004).Development of a change management strategy with stakeholdersIn order to incorporate stakeholders Abbey is adopting a back to basic strategy of change management. Some of the points for a change management with stakeholders are discussed belowThe brand name of Abby National will be r evamped by taking all stakeholders, especially domestic customers and investors in confidence (Market Watch Global Round-up, 2003).The red Santanders interior and marketing communications strategies will be incorporated within Abbey with the mutual understanding of all stakeholders (Market Watch Global Round-up, 2003).The talks will be made with various media agencies on the activities of Abbey.Section GEvaluation of the systems used to involve stakeholders in the planning of change incorporating a strategy for managing resistance to changeThe above stated system that is devised to involve stakeholders in the planning of change also helps in reducing the resistant factors to change. This is so because the confidence of customers, employees and other shareholders will be revived as the result of their involvement in the decision making strategies of Abbey. Those domestic investors, employees who were not accepting the restructuring of bank will be taken in confidence through negotiat ions and table talks. An evaluation of systems is illustrated below finaleThis section is concluded on the statement that the implementation of change in organisational life is not possible without taking all the stakeholders in confidence.Unit 6Innovative ManagementSection ADuring the change processes discussed above, evaluate the original and ripe management processes applied at Abbey National and explain how Santander Ltd could lead Abbey National to positively embrace innovation and changeThe creative and progressive management processes play a significant function in the change implementation processes of the organisation. This is so because these processes help in bridging up the differences between the new leadership, management and other working staff. Some of the innovative management processes that were employed by Abbey National Ltd are discussed belowRevamping of the Abbeys logo from an comprehensive to a rainbow pastiche.It changes its customer approach from natio nal to international.To introduce Abbey as a customer-centric organization.The name of bank has been changed from Abbey National to Abbey.Redecorating and re-colouring the branches of Abbey.To simplify its product range, for instance, the division of redemptive products into three categories i.e. Freedom, Sure Easy, and Start.More staff will be recruited for customer-facing roles to modify customer services in different branches of Abbey.To increase the number of telephones centres to promote customer services.To increase training opportunities for customer-facing staff in order to alleviate customer from all aspects.To make the availability of the product and services plain and transparent.Santander Ltd can only make Abbey National to embrace innovation and change by taking all of its stakeholders on board. For this purpose the new leader of Abbey National has to follow the above stated system that is derived from the 5Ps model of Pryor.Section BAssess the influence of vision and mission of Santander Ltd on contemporaries of creative and innovative management processes in Abbey National using analytical tools to identify potential creative and innovative management ideas thrum analysis is one of the most and widely used analytical tool of strategic management that helps in analysing the influence of vision of Santander Ltd on generation of creative and innovative management processes in Abbey National at macro level. uprise AnalysisA framework of SWOT analysis is employed for the realisation and judicial decision of the potential creative and innovative management ideas in Abbey National. SWOT analysis is briefly discussed underneathStrengthThe new vision and mission of Abbey is to alleviate the status of Abbey from internal bank to the international bank. As the result of which managers have to adopt creative and innovative management strategies in order to compete with the international competition.The new international status of Abbey National will give it more exposure by invigorating the trust of the general public on the bank.To integrate the banking activities of Abbey National with that of the Santander Groups management of Abbey has to make use of creativity (Cave, 2004).WeaknessesThe reaction of ex staff members in the form of resignations can threaten the implementation of creative and innovative management processes in Abbey National.Santander group has to bear a loss on the implementation of the creative and innovative management processes in Abbey National until customers trust on the bank is rejuvenated.OpportunitiesThe well developed and well aware society of the UK is the biggest opportunity of Santander group for the implementation of creative and innovative management processes in Abbey National because they do not need to invest in public awareness programs about international online or offline banking.A good international reputation of Santander group is another(prenominal) major strong point.The implementat ion of creative and innovative management processes in Abbey National is necessary to offer consumers an international banking exposure by providing them bank access even from outside the UK (Botin, 2004).ThreatsThe increase number of online banking fraudulent and applied science is a biggest threat for the implementation of creative and innovative management processes in Abbey National.The stiff reaction from the employees in respect of strategies adopted by the new leaders can also threaten the creative and innovative management processes in Abbey (Cave, 2004).Section CAssessment of creative and innovative management ideas for Abbey National via 5Ps modelOverall the creative and innovative management ideas of Santander group for Abbey National alleviate the growth rate of the bank. A thorough assessment of the innovative management ideas are discussed below with the help of 5Ps model of change.RisksA negative reaction of the stakeholder especially private investors, shareholders and customers is risky for the implementation of the innovative management ideas.Launching of advanced online products and services against big competitors.BenefitsThe support of some stakeholders is a plus point for the implementation of the innovative management ideas in Abbey.The introduction of new products and services.BarriersAn unexpected fall in the banks yearly or monthly margin due to the introduction of the innovative management ideas.Decelerating remuneration due to the occurrence of change and a poor financial condition of the bank in past. Moreover, costly and unpopular mortgage lock-ins also diminishes remuneration which can restrict the implementation of the innovative management ideas.The barriers and risks can be transformed into benefits by making strategies according to the 5Ps model of Pryor. For this, managers and leaders have to create alignment between the 5Ps which are Purpose, Principles, Processes, People, and Performance.ConclusionIn hardly a(prenomina l) words, the management of innovative and creative strategies is a key to attain the new objectives of Abbey successfully..Unit 10Human Resource ManagementSection AUnderstanding the events at Abbey National initiated by Santander Ltd, explain the importance and purposes of strategic kind-hearted resource management for Abbey NationalIntroductionA skeleton of the organisation is based on three factors mission, structure and Human resource management. Human resource management is a composition of methods of recruiting, firing, and rewarding. HR mangers deal with the work force of the organisation by employing different managerial strategies. HRM encompasses all sorts of strategies, decisions, principles, functions and operations concerned with management of individuals as employees working in an organization (Kaila, 2005, p.14).Undoubtedly, the role of strategic humans resource management is significant at the time when Abbey National is going through the biggest change of its his tory. Before going in detail it is pertinent to see the meaning of the strategic human resource management. Strategic human resource management is a link that connects strategic goals of an organization with its human resources in order to promote the market-gardening of innovation, and flexibility in the organization. Strategic human resource management recognizes human resource as a strategic partner in the grammatical construction and implementation of the organizational strategiesThe aim of all strategies is the attainment of organizational goals by making use of available resources. In fact, it would be pertinent to regularize that the success of organisations is greatly dependant on the human resource management. In this section an attempt is made to explain the importance and purposes of strategic human resource management for Abbey National. This will be done by keeping in view the actions of Santander Ltd (Botin, 2004).The importance and purposes of strategic human resou rce management for Abbey NationalEmployees are one of the major stakeholders of Abbey National plc (Previously Abbey National). The success of strategies and goals of the new leadership is greatly based on the willingness, talent and diversity of its workforce. The new leaders should device rewarding strategies by keeping in view the opinions of employees. This is necessary not only to develop, encourage and retain existing employees but also to recruit the ones with highest calibre.If the employees are not assigned role according to their abilities and qualification they can quit the job which should be alarming for the new leaders. This is so because if trusted and old workers will start quitting at increasing rate, the reputation of the organization will deteriorate.Another very important and delicate issue arises when human resource management announced the plan of job-cut. This decision creates uncertainty among the workers which can further diminish their performance. In few w ords, the role of strategic human resource management cannot be ignored especially at a point when Abbey is undergoing a big change.Section BAssess the impact of strategic human resource management activities

Teenage pregnancy in Lagos Island

juvenile maternalisticism in Lagos IslandAlthough, immature mformer(a)liness could be unintentional as good(p) as accidental. It usu wholey occurs at heart the context of early wedding patchy and in any case as a moment of societal change of which the value system and virginity at marri board ar no longer upheld. Certain problems ar associated with immature maternity such as economic, psychological, socio-cultural and others.It is no longer a diplomatic statement that youngd people in the last decade, in particular within the age classify of 10-18 years, be living beyond the yard sticks of adventures comp bed to the cal number 1nesss of the 90s. A blend of unpredictable, tidings breaking activities and issues of top closely concern has risen in the last few years. One of the most striking facts is the rising number of pueriled motherhood. immatureage motherhood is a result of sexual intercourse between raw girls and boys who atomic number 18 in their growing years, exploring the changes happening in their bodies by having unprotected sex with separately other. Health organizations across the world argon motionlessness in the frontlines of reducing maternal deaths due to complications and diseases. But even now, however, they be puddle more to do with the increasing number of teenage pregnancy. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009)Bearing a child eon still in childhood themselves, these raw mothers beneath the age of 20 ar prone to birth injuries and maternal death. It withal affects their emotional swell being Teenage mothers are 3 times more likely to suffer from post-natal depression and experience slimy cordial wellness for up to 3 years after the birth. Children born to teenage mothers bugger off a bun in the oven 60% advanceder rates of infant deathrate and are at change magnitude risk of low birth-weight which impacts on the childs long-run health. yet more, they are at increased risk to be brought u p in pauperization. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009)Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenaged or underaged girl (usually within the ages of 13-19) adequate gravid. The term in e rattlingday linguistic make for usually refers to women who impart not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant. pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, thither are superfluous medical concerns for schoolgirlisher mothers, specially those under 15 and those living in suppuration countries.( whitethornor S 2004) For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, hardly additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors.( Makinson C. 1985)Data run oning teenage pregnancy as a social issue in developed countries allow lower rearingal trains, high rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usual ly foreign of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. For these reasons, on that superlative have been many studies and campaigns which attempt to uncover the causes and limit the numbers racket of teenage pregnancies.(The case Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy 2002). In other countries and cultures, particularly in the developing world, teenage pregnancy is usually within marriage and does not get a social stigma. (Population Council 2006)1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMIt is very rampant in our society where there is an increase in the report cases of teenager pregnancy. This ugly incident has created huge concern for the society especially to determine if the concern would have straight-laced emerging as well as their children. Again, the health implications of these children is another issue of worry.Causes of Teenage PregnancyIn the developed world, the causes of teenage pregnancy is different in the sense that it is in the main outside mar riage and carries lots of social stigma. Thus, callownessful sexual behaviour is one of the causes of teenage pregnancy. In our world today, having sex before 20yrs is the in thing, it is even the normal all over the world and this brought roughly high levels of adolescent pregnancy which creates sexual relationship among teenagers without the provision of comprehensive reading about sex. (Chinwe Chibuzo, P. 2007)The in-take of drugs, alcohol etc breaks a lot to teenage pregnancy stave as a teenager you may not be fast for sexual intercourse at that moment but being shake with drugs and alcohol makes you to be involved in unintended sexual drill just because sex at that time is less emotionally galling and embarrassing. To negate this, eradicate anything alcohol or drugs. Furthermore, sexual poke fun is similarly one of the causes of teenage pregnancy. Rape as a sexual abuse has more execution in the life of our teenage girls causing unwelcome sex and teenage pregnan cy. Age discrepancies to a fault causes teenage pregnancy in the sense that a teenage girl with a partner ofttimes older than herself is more likely to get pregnant more lots than a girl that have a partner of a tightlipped age, as she prefers having the children than abortion since she is not educated enough to use contraceptives. (Chinwe Chibuzo, P. 2007) childhood environmentWomen exposed to abuse, domestic violence, and family strife in childhood are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming pregnant as a teenager increases with the number of inauspicious childhood experiences. According to a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by eliminating icon to abuse, violence, and family strife. The investigateers note that family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond. When the family environment does not include unbecoming childh ood experiences, becoming pregnant as an adolescent does not appear to raise the likelihood of long-term, electro nix psychosocial consequences.( Tamkins, T. 2004)Effect of Teenage Pregnancy on EducationalTeenage pregnancies have become a public health issue because of their observed negative installs on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity. The association of young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however, by the high prevalence of poverty, low level of education, and single marital status among teenage mothers. Assessing the self-directed effect of teenage pregnancy on educational disabilities and educational problems in a total population of children who entered kindergarten in Florida in 1992-1994 and investigate how domineering for potentially bedevil factors affects the relation between teenage pregnancies and poor outcome. When no other factors are taken into account, children of teenage mothers have importantly higher odds of leadment i n certain special education classes and significantly higher occurrence of milder education problems, but when maternal education, marital status, poverty level, and race are controlled, the detrimental effects disappear and even whatsoever protective effects are observed. Hence, the increased risk for educational problems and disabilities among children of teenage mothers is attributed not to the effect of young age but to the confounding influences of associated socio-demographic factors. In contrast to teen age, older maternal age has an adverse effect on a childs educational outcome regardless of whether other factors are controlled for or not. (Ralitza V. Gueorguieva 2001)Preventing Teen PregnancyIt has been found that teens who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to experience a pregnancy. practised communication between parents and their children is the key to ensuring children make the right decisions when it comes to their sexual activity. (Pregna ncy selective information 2009)Evidence from neighborhoods with the largest reductions has identified a frame of factors that need to be in place to successfully reduce teenage pregnancy rates. These factors include a well-publicised contraceptive and sexual health advice serving which is centred on young people. The service needs to have a strong remit to undertake health promotion work, as well as delivering reactive services. It is key to grade sexual and reproductive health education at schools, supported from the local anesthetic authority to develop comprehensive programmes of sex and relationships education (SRE) in all schools. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009)Education is as well vitally important in helping jejuneness know about their options when it comes to sex. Teaching teens about using contraception each and every time they have sex is imperative to healthy sexual relationships.Abstinence should also be taught along with contraception so that youth understand th ey have the right to choose. Teaching teens that it is okay to say no to sex until they are ready will help to curb the numbers of teen pregnancies. (Pregnancy info 2009)The Challenges of Early MotherhoodFacing an unplanned teen pregnancy can be hard. The effects of teenage pregnancy are not limited to having to decide whether or not to keep the mess up, how to vie with motherhood or whether to make an adoption plan. One of the most fast effects of teen pregnancy is how the growing baby changes a teenagers awaits as well as their lifestyle. Because a teens body immediately begins the process of carrying a child and preparing for childbirth, a teenager needs to consider the effect that her physical activities may have on her developing baby. A bod of activities common to teens may have a negative effect on a developing baby Drinking alcoholic beverages, Smoking cigarettes or marijuana, Lack of sleep and Unhealthy eating patterns. (Pregnancy center.orgOther physical changes that take place as her uterus expands may impact things as simple as clothing choices or her ability to safely participate in sports. This agency that an average teenage girl will need to speak with her furbish up about what activities need to be limited during her pregnancy as well as what changes she might need to make to her diet.Emotional Effects of Teen Pregnancy (Pregnancy center.org)Dealing with an unplanned pregnancy can be alarming and confusing. Some of the emotions that teen may encounter when facing an unplanned pregnancy are Initial excitement, Confusion, Fear, Resentment and Frustration. Its a natural response for you to call back about and want to protect the baby that is growing inside you. It is also natural for you to be scared and confused about how to deal with this unplanned pregnancy. (Pregnancy center.org)Teenage mothers in industrialized countries mostly lack a proper social network consisting of family, friends and elder women which is usually present in de veloping countries. Besides, there are many social hugs on them. The main pressure on young pregnant women is, of course, to come to a decision about the unborn child, considering the options of keeping the child, adoption and abortion.Other pressures are education and money. For one, young teenage women in industrialized countries are generally expected to get educated and find work. This becomes almost impossible when having a baby without a strong social network. Then, there often are financial pressures, since the lack of education often leads to unemployment or the dependency on low salaried jobs or welfare. (Martin Bohn 2009)Risks for Teenage Mothers and their ChildAs a result, teenage pregnancy may lead to various problems for both the mother and the child. According to a student fact sheet of the Australian organization Womens Health Queensland Wide, teenage mothers and their children may face roughly of the following risksThere are significantly higher complication rates both during pregnancy and delivery for teenage mothers and their babies, such as an increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, having a baby of low birth weight, birth defects and other complications.Children born to teenage mothers are statistically more vulnerable to neglect and abuse. This is due to a range of factors including poverty, parenting inexperience and being in an unhealthy relationship (for example when there is a situation of domestic violence).Teenage Pregnancies and the Disintegration of Families (Martin Bohn (2009)Teenage pregnancies contribute to the disintegration of the family as a social institution. Most teen mothers are single mums. This is either because the child was conceived outside of a relationship or because the pregnancy places a great deal of strain on young relationships which are usually not as stable and enduring as adult relationships. Consequently, 60% of young Australian mothers do not have a male partner when their baby is born, as ment ioned in a student fact sheet on teenage pregnancy by the Australian based Womens Health Queensland Wide Inc.A crucial read/write head relates to whether the adverse outcomes experienced by (some) mothers and children of teenage pregnancies are causally tie in to the age of the mother, or whether there are other factors which lead to the adverse outcomes experienced by teenage mothers and their children. Several studies have found that teenage pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and baby. These include low birthweight, prematurity, increased perinatal and infant mortality and poorer long-term cognitive development and educational achievement for both mother and child. (Fraser AM, Brockert JE and Fergusson DM, 1995)However, studies which have aimed to address the underlying causes of these adverse outcomes-by controlling for additional factors-have produced conflicting results. Some suggest that adverse outcomes remain even after controlling for maternal s ocioeconomic position and other confounding factors, (Fraser AM, Brockert JE 1995) some find that age has no effect, (Gueorguieva RV, Lee MC 2001) whereas other studies report that once maternal socioeconomic position and smoke are taken into account young age is actually associated with transgress outcomes. (Reichman NE and Geronimus AT 1997)These contradictory findings probably reflect the small sizing of some studies, residual confounding, and the difficulty of separating effects that may be link to maternal age from effects that are appropriately regarded as confounding. For example, poor parenting skills may reflect the ignorance of young age but may also occur at any age among women who have restricted inlet to information and education. Larger studies and those employing methods specifically designed to adequately control for confounding factors (for example using sibling comparisons) (Geronimus AT 1992) suggest that young age is not an important determinant of pregnancy outcome or of the future health of the mother. (Gueorguieva RV, Scholl TO 2001) A recent systematic review of the medical consequences of teenage pregnancy concluded that Critical appraisal suggested that increased risks of these outcomes (anaemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, low birthweight, prematurity, intra-uterine growth retardation and neonatal mortality) were predominantly caused by the social, economic, and behavioural factors that predispose some young women to pregnancy.(Cunnington A. 2001) Moreover, Cunnington asserts from this review that most teenage pregnancies are low risk-a point which is omitted from much research and from policy documents and statementsTeenage Mothers and EducationTeenage mothers are often unwilling or unable to complete their education. This lack of education can result in long term unemployment or low paid, insecure jobs. Being dependent on welfare or on a poorly paid job can place teenage mothers under greater financial pressure, even more s o when they are single mums and have no supporting network of family and friends.Finally, teenage mothers are often alienated from their partners and family because their new life is either disapproved of or cannot be related to by family and friends.In developing country like Nigeria teenage mothers are sometimes married and have a broad support system. However, malnutrition, poor health care and complications of childbirth significantly increase the mortality rate of these young women.Lagos read Government InterventionThe Lagos express has also set up youth friendly centers to provide adolescents accurate and private counseling on sex related matters. These include youth development programmes to educate youths both male and female on the danger involve in premarital sexual and early sexual intercourse (VOA News).In addition, efforts is from the youth counselor of the Lagos State Ministry of Health, Christiana Ladapo, who leads candid after-school discussions about sex, peer p ressure, abstinence and contraceptives. She says teenage pregnancy has been on the rise because society has cut the problem.However, Pinkdove in collaboration with the Lagos State Ministry of Education recently organized an understanding campaign with the theme The Effects of Early Sex, Teen Pregnancy for older Secondary School Female Students in Lagos stateHISTORY OF LAGOSLagos State is an administrative region of Nigeria, located in the southwestern part of the country. The smallest of Nigerias states, Lagos State is the second most populous state after Kano State, (wikipedia) and arguably the most economically important state of the country,(Answer dictionary) containing Lagos, the nations largest urban area.Lagos State was created on May 27, 1967 by virtue of State (Creation and Transitional Provisions) Decree No. 14 of 1967, which restructured Nigerias Federation into 12 states. Prior to this, Lagos Municipality had been administered by the national Government through and t hrough the national Ministry of Lagos Affairs as the regional authority, while the Lagos urban center Council (LCC) governed the City of Lagos. Equally, the metropolitan areas (Colony Province) of Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry were administered by the Western Region. The State took off as an administrative entity on April 11, 1968 with Lagos Island serving the dual role of being the State and Federal Capital. However, with the creation of the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja in 1976, Lagos ceased to be the capital of the State which was moved to Ikeja. Equally, with the formal relocation of the seat of the Federal Government to Abuja on 12 December 1991, Lagos Island ceased to be Nigerias semipolitical capital. Nevertheless, Lagos remains the center of commerce for the country.HISTORY OF LAGOS ISLAND LOCAL GOVERNMENTLagos Island is the head word and central local government area of the Metropolitan Lagos in Nigeria. It is part of the Lagos Division. As of the preliminary 2006 Nigerian census, the LGA had a population of 209,437 in an area of 8.7 km. The LGA only covers the western half of Lagos Island the eastern half is under the jurisdiction of the LGA of Eti-Osa.Lying in Lagos Lagoon, a large protected halt on the coast of Africa, the island was home to the Yoruba fishing village of Eko, which grew into the modern urban center of Lagos. The city has now spread out to cover the neighbouring islands as well as the adjoining mainland.Lagos Island is connected to the mainland by three large tie which cross Lagos Lagoon to the district of Ebute Metta. It is also linked to the neighbouring island of Ikoyi and to Victoria Island. The Lagos withstand district of Apapa faces the western side of the island. Forming the main commercial district of Lagos, Lagos Island plays boniface to the main government buildings, shops and offices. The Catholic and Anglican Cathedrals as well as the Central Mosque are located here.Historically, Lagos Isla nd (Isaleko) was home to the Brazilian Quarter of Lagos where the volume of the slave trade returnees from Brazil settled. Many families lived on Broad street in the Marina.It also revealed that majority (83.8%) and (70%) of the respondents were staying with their parents and there parents were staying together. This is in contradiction (Ellis, Bruce J. et al) Studies that girls whose fathers odd the family early in their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancyFrom the study it was also revealed that many of the respondents parents who were working are in the low class status about (25%) were unemployed. This is in accordance with a study by (Besharov, Douglas J. Gardiner) Poverty is associated with increased rates of teenage pregnancy.It was obvious from the study that majority were not aware of any form of contraceptives, but this was in disagreement with the study made in the United States in 2002 by National Surveys of Family Growth, se xually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were less likely than those of other ages to use contraceptives.Revelation from this research shows that (35.7%) were impregnated by boy friends while (13.3%) were raped. This flows with some studies that between 11 and 20 pct of pregnancies in teenagers are a direct result of rape, while about 60 percent of teenage mothers had unwanted sexual experiences prior their pregnancy. One in five teenage fathers admitted to forcing girls to have sex with them mass of the respondents had their sex experience before the age of 15. This supports Guttmacher Institute findings that 60 percent of girls who had sex before age 15 were coerced by males who on average were six years their senior.CONCLUSIONIt is quite glaring that teenage pregnancy have many consequences on the society. Teenage pregnancies have become a public health issue because of their observed negative effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity. The associatio n of young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however, by the high prevalence of poverty, low level of education, and single marital status among teenage mothers the impact on youth development in our society is negative

Pricing And Non Pricing Strategies

Pricing And Non Pricing StrategiesThis report discusses about line of work proposal and detail the determine as advantageously as non- determine strategies. It as well as details the cookery and operating decisions for the existing service that ground upon the stage of miserliness in line of fear cycle. It recommends an appropriate course for the service that found upon the communicate denotation food markets and also evaluates how the legitimate acknowledgment market affected the readying of goods and operate. This paper recommends the business decisions in order to estimating the world(prenominal) economic conditions. It also concludes with this judgment by providing internal sparing effects for the cooking of goods and operate.Recommendation of pricing and non-pricing strategiesThe pricing strategies were the strategies that encompassed in order to improve the economic stage in the business cycle. The terms plus pricing was the dodge that can puzzle out the personify of producing goods and services to the business cycle and this strategy have interpreted the consideration in the case of fixed and variable costs of forward-looking good or services in business cycle. The market orient pricing was also the strategy that can set the abide by of goods and this cost was dependent upon the pricing of competitors. Target pricing was the one that based upon the economic stage in the business cycle for the existing goods or services.The non-pricing strategy occurred when the organization decided to distinguish its overlaps from their competitor products in order to wanton the quality of service to the services. This strategy was also to maintain the market overlap without altering price. It included the advert, service quality and longer opening hours for the exiting goods and services that based upon the stages of economic in business cycle (Mark Hirschey, 2008).Operating decisions for goods or servicesThe operating decisions inc luded the product, price distribution and advertising as well as promotion. The product was the operating decision that created as a result of a surgical process and this product was the combination of tangible or intangible attributes for the existing goods and services that based upon the economic stages. The price was the morsel operating decision of goods and services in the case of providing the quantity of compensations that was presumption by one party to another party. In economic stages, the price was expressed in the phase angle of currency.The distribution was the third operating decisions that were the process of making service that available for using consumption and this consumption based upon the economic stage in business cycle. The three types of distributions were intensive distribution, discriminating distribution and exclusive distribution. The advertising was the best suitable concern for goods and services that informed to the potential customers about ser vices for obtaining them and the promotion included the advertising for the product line.Appropriate course for servicesThe Xerox planning ideal was the appropriate course of work to make the business decisions on projected economic state in the business cycle. This planning model was based upon the monetary simulations for creating the proposed planning alternatives. This Xerox planning model was also computed the fiscal implications of alternative marketing and production policies under various environmental conditions and generated financial statements for each set of inputs in goods and services.The optimum seeking capability was the form of Xerox planning model that developed for facilitating the selection, evaluation and alternatives of goods and services. This course of action recommended to the marketers in order to illuminate the indicators of forthcoming trends. The results of this course of action were affected by a continuation of macroeconomic trends in the global financial areas. The projected credit markets can get the innovation due to carrying out of this course in the case of computing the financial goods and services (Tom Sant, 2012). on-going credit market conditionsThe credit markets conditions could be use to raise the money through debts issuance and the credit encompassed both investment grade bonds and concisely term commercial paper. The credit markets offered the bonds, securitized obligations to the goods and services that based upon the stages of economic in business cycle. The current credit markets affected the operating decisions positively by promoting the product, pricing, distribution as well as advertising to global marketing.The planning or the operating decisions of services were established by the current credit marketing conditions. This credit marketing increased the facilities to get more return for services by the shelterion of good credit marketing reputation. It was used to increase the quality of operatin g decisions for getting more service opportunities in business cycle. The special function of planning could be served by the current credit marketing conditions in order to increasing the morale value of goods or services that based upon the stages of economics in business cycle. care decisionsUtilization of variety of sources for collection of dataThe business decisions were based upon the direct as well as secondary sources that could make the services effectively in order to enter into the business cycle. The primary sources included the peck methodology, sampling methods for the projected economic stages. The secondary resources included the internet research, publish data and product data for the collection of data. This business was to store the information, protect the ethical issues.Understand a range of techniques to analyze the dataThis was also the effective business decision in order to analyze the data for making the business purposes effectively. This business de cision represented the value of mean, median(prenominal) and mode for making the valid conclusion for the goods or services. The standard aberrancy of this data analysis was used in the case of measuring the dispersion. The business values were dependent upon this range of techniques in order to analyze the business data effectively.Effects of planetary economyThe international economy was having influences on the business planning or operating decisions positively. The international economy provided the strength and authority to business planning or operating decisions. The business planning could also be implemented by the effect of international economy and also this economy provided the contribution in the case of enhancing the business goods and services. The business goods and services could be reached into the global market due to the impact of international economy.The challenging influences could also mitigated by the effects of international economy thats why operating decisions of business will be protected effectively. The business goods and services has benefited with the attainment of cheap labour, technology as well as capital and this effect had promoted the planning and operating decisions for the better enhancement of business goods and services. The business growth was also based upon the arrival of international economy thats why this economy influenced on business planning positively.Additional recommendations for economic conditionsDetermine the pricing strategy to meet organisational goalsThis was the recommendation in order to ensure the organization smoothly and this recommendation was based upon the economic conditions. The utilization of cost pricing was essential to the organizational products and services. This strategy recommendation could set the price at the production cost of company that included the fixed cost at the current volume, cost of goods and certain margin profits.The pricing strategy was used to determine th e product at lower prices and this recommendation was established in the case of addressing the spick-and-span strategies for the development of organizational products and services. This recommendation also allowed the organization to capture the bare-ass clients in the market for building the image for the new products thats why the implementation of pricing strategies was essential for an organization.ConclusionThe concepts of business proposal and pricing as well as non-pricing strategies were discussed. The operating decisions of organizational services were precise and the recommendations of appropriate course for projected credit markets were described. The conditions of current credit market on organizational goods and the recommendations of business decisions were examined. The influence of international economy on organizational products and the additional recommendations for the organizational improvement were concluded.

Literature Review About Management Information Systems Management Essay

Literature Review About focussing stochasticness ashess Management EssayIn this chapter either of the designs, theories and methods that atomic event 18 colligate with the caution erudition ashes such as frame, reading administration and MIS give be discussed. The concept of breedingal counsel dodge is besides surface presented. In other sections the concept of EMIS leave behind be considered in the world by especi tot in sleep withlyyy foc employ this concept in Pakistan testament be discussed. In final sections of this chapter EMIS of COMSTAS sets of cultivation technology will be discussed. This entropy will be thusly act as guideline to analyze the confirm commensurate findings of primary nurture.2.1 Management education outline in that respect have been numerous kinds of outlines that have been established over the past(a) tense several(prenominal) years. These discipline strategys had gartered to fulfill the ineluctably and requi rements of decision making non merely at managerial merely also at the operational level. Every composition develops its deliver centering tuition form (MIS) which is tot in tout ensembley dep deathent on the private ask of the organizations. Management learning scheme developed for i organization is engrossless for other organizations with different requirements (Cassidy and Cresswell, 1997). In the watchfulness selective randomness system, not just the system itself is important but to trip up the maximal advantages from the system it is important that the human intelligence, perception and judgment must be herculean and strong enough to get combined with the system instruction (Thierauf 1984). This gang will proffer managers with the unique and valuable tool for the info foc employ in any company (Cassidy and Cresswell, 1997).2.1.1 What is a system?The system is open of converting the gathitherd entropy from the mapping substance ab exploiter and mould interactions in to the in effect(p) breeding which later on is workoutd by the decision snitchrs to subscribe in effect(p) decisions. In the worry information system, the more or less important entity is system itself which is set of defined and interrelated components which atomic number 18 some(prenominal)dayly described as wholly of the direct or indirect complex components or elements that atomic number 18 related in a casual network. Within any extra time period, all of these complex components be related in such(prenominal) or less stable appearance with at least few other components (Thierauf 1984). So a well developed and interactive system is one which plys best and useful information to the managers at all levels.2.1.2 reading system?The best system is one that provides useful information and user interaction at all levels. An information system is a appealingness of activities, procedures, methods, technology and peoples that atomic number 18 organized to get the valuable related info and information. This system must also be able to interpose this information until it is required by the user. It should be capable of info processing and responding to its give notice user by providing the answers to all set of queries. Information systems should best interacts and communicates with the end user In secern to provide the accurate required information (Knight Silk, 1990).2.1.3 Management Information SystemThe information system which is placid of hold procedures that digest provide all of the germane(predicate) appropriate information at all levels to all of the managers is called attention information system (MIS). This system uses all of the internal and external resources to provide data and information to the end users which enable them to take timely decisions that ar effectual from the directing, planning and take forling crown of view. As a full this is an efficient system that buns provide all o f the required information to the attention at all levels at appropriate times. Management information system is basically an affective combination of human and technology resources that end points in data storage, aggregation, and communicating, data retrieval and usage. In managerial operations and wrinkle planning, these MIS systems play a vital federal agency in business success (Lucey, 1989).In literature, thither be several definitions of the management information systems (Lucey, 1989, Thierauf, 1984). The system is capable of converting the collected data from the routine user and machine interactions in to the impelling information which later on is used by the decision makers to make efficient decisions. The specialized systems that ar existence used for decision making for the management at all levels argon generally cognise as management information systems (Thierauf, 1984). Information systems are of portentous importance in any type of organization, generall y, it is genuinely im likely for any organization to operate without any fashion of information system. These information systems are developed by focusing the needs and requirements of the especial(a) organization which are unique for every other organization.In the wee 1960s, the importance of system designers and administrators gained oft importance and circumspection. In an organization, at the administrative level, management information systems are composed up of the human and machine combination that are used to fulfill the information demands at these levels. In very large organizations, these MIS are also a combination of legion(predicate) interrelated sub systems which are sharing the aforesaid(prenominal) resources for data and processing. while discussing the concept of MIS in an organization, this activity is considered incisively as a place of all of the other ongoing activities. This MIS activity is important because it equips the top management with all of the information about the funkyer management and obliges a uninterrupted flow of information through with(p)out the organization. MIS system also facilitates the owners of the organizations with the general information about the organization. The principal(prenominal) advantage of MIS system in an organization is to maintain appropriate information flow that represent be arrive atd by dividing organizations in to different sub systems with well-nigh integrated and unique functions. This function consolidation of the sub system must be a great deal efficient to make the whole organization as an affective MIS system. By being this approach, as concisely as all of the needs of the sub systems are achieved, all of the needs of the organization are achieved.In literature, in that location are galore(postnominal) characteristics discussed for an efficient MIS system (Cassidy and Creswell, 1997). Some of them are listed belowMIS system should be composed of integrated sub systems with the ability of forward and backward looking systems.MIS system should be capable of planning and controlling the clearly defined business activities.MIS system should be capable of generating the reports that jackpot function the management at all level in planning and controlling all of their authorized and expected business activities.MIS system should be able to retrieve the information about the operations control at appropriate time and should chuck up the sponge the dealingsal data processing.For the timely response, MIS system should have the batch processing as well as interactive operational modes.In invest to store the data that is being frequently accessed, MIS system should use all of the data protection procedures that foot assure to authorize user in much protective way.In order to extract the relative information quickly, MIS system should have appropriate data storage average like random or direct access storage.In order to generate the substa ntive and affective output for the ongoing control operations, MIS system should enable the bill and custom made model that must have the storage medium for the online data.2.2 educational Management Information SystemThe revolution in the information and communication technologies (ICTs) has greatly influenced the life style of whole world. Over the past several years, ICT stem is considered as a symbol for a countrys learning. In every way of life, there is a vital fibre of these Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by all means to improve the feature, standardizing the different stakeholders role and imparting the operating procedures (Ed Crowley, 2003).ICTs has a proven role in the field of medical, business, industry, entertainment, communication theory but now these technologies has emerging efficient role in education field. In ontogeny countries, especially like Pakistan education field is one of the core areas that require more attention for the countr ys rapid development. The coating of every educational institute is to provide the reference education to all of its learners. In these institutes management at all level continuous strives to achieve this aimed goal. Universities are hiring highly adequate professors and equipping their scientific laboratories with latest equipments, adding impertinent technologies and books to their libraries. In these educational institutes the concept of digital libraries is also introduced, in segmentationrooms multimedia projects are installed. The concept of distant learning, different tutorials like web and disk based as well as the concept of audio and visual data to aid lectures is introduced in these institutes. In short, ICTs have played a major significant role for knowledge dissemination among various groups in these educational institutes.In order to get the maximum benefits of the available facilities of ironware and software, it is not enough to just connecting the laborato ries with the internet facility but there is lot more in to this. This type of human attitude towards the figurer resources propose that there is always a need for some educational intervention to get the potential benefits. The better usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) can be attained by pedagogic intercessions (Jorge Ferreira Franco et all, 2006). As the issues raises, it starts creating interest opportunities for the individuals and organizations for better the individuals understandability and skills. From the educational point of view, it is believed that when the individuals discernment is challenged and they receive any sort of intellectual or practical support then their productive and creative talents are used which can also be heighten (Jorge Ferreira Franco et all, 2006).In all this competitive ICTs equipped educational institutes there is much more than the caliber education that is expected by the students. Students need quality service in al l of the required information that is required by them. In order to present their daytime to day hassles, students needs purlieu that can facilitate them in every way. Different higher educational institutes are continuously striving to achieve this target. For example when a student require his transcripts afterwards courses finalization then it can take more than a month time when there is formulaic system installed in educational institutes. It can take more time because of the particular number of acting faculty members that are dealing with the results and transcripts issuing process. There are many other daily issues that can arise every day and this limited number of mental faculty will not be able to prompt instantaneously to all of the students. In order to handle such hectic routine universities used to employee more employees but as its known that increasing manpower can neer solve the problem so another solution is required that can cope up with all such issues . There are many activities that can not be handled with simple processing applications and they are also much time eat but these are simple processes like admission, registration, conduction of examination, keeping way of the employees and students and managing both employees and students accounts (Marlon Pierce et all, 2002). In order to manage thousands of its students and employees the best effective way is to use the information and communication technologies in more efficient way.Educational management system (EMIS) is an example of such an information system that has been developed over past several years to get the maximum benefits from the human and machine interaction to generate the appropriate information. This concept of EMIS has been trade from the business world which represents a system for information processing for educational management. This system is not developed to replace the statistics based system and this system itself is not a statistical system. This system has been developed to handle all data types which may be statistical in nature. An authoritative passe-partout is required to train this data as reliable, verified, authoritative and professionally trained. This effectiveness must be professional and independent entity that must be acceptable by all of the other users in an organization. When an information system is being developed then it is very much necessary to get the call for and reliable statistics forrader this system get applied to any sort of management. Information systems are always designed to process valid data into information not the garbage data. In educational management systems, these information systems should address both of the management and statistics in more efficient way and should larn information in an affective format.In literature, there are many definitions and descriptions about the EMIS systems as its being developed over the past several years (EPRD, 1997). Educational management syste m is a formalistic collection of the operational procedures, processes and mutual agreement that are integrated in such a way that it can produce useful information and data for the educational institutes and all of related entities like teachers, students and other management at all levels. tout ensemble of the data relevant to the interested entities is aggregated, collected and organized, managed and processed which is then disseminated across the organization and is used by the concerned authorities and management at all levels to take the beneficial decisions for the educational institutes (EPRD, 1997). EMIS contains all of the relevant information that is required by the educational managers at all levels to support all of their activities.EMIS systems always responds to the consumers for the affective information and serves the needs of end users, therefore it can be said that these information systems are serving on the basis of demand response methodology. In order to ge t the maximum benefits out of this information system it is very much necessary that the process chain of information management and in the transaction between the end users demand of information and the system response of information speech, all of the statistics must be updated and reviewed properly. If this whole chain of information management is not properly maintained then there will be no meaningful information from the data aggregation and processing. The system integration is also much important in EMIS to get the best possible outcome from the system because if there will be any problem with the system integration it will results in irrelevant information delivery that will make whole EMIS as an irrelevant system.In order to work these EMIS systems up to dated, it is necessary to conduct clients surveys. These surveys will help the educational institutes to cope up with all of the newly raised requirements and then it will give up dated response to its consumers. These sur veys will also help to figure out the needs of producers and will generate a user friendly and interpretable services and products accordingly. Educational institutes should also create general awareness among the users about the advantages of these EMIS systems that can provide information for decision making.In order to overturn a total system loss, it is very much important that these EMIS systems should be self sustainable and they must have a back up even if master system will bust to fulfill the requirements of all of its end users. At the very earlier ramification of system development it is important to train the individual entities but at the later stage of mental ability building this learn is not of much importance.EMIS systems have been employed in many different countries as a big success and there these systems have provided support services and capacity building to the distributed as well as the decentralized statistical functions. There are many specialized funct ions needed for the EMIS development such as setting the standards, development of application software, quality control, providing technical assistance and training services as well as coordinating annual statistics production. System integration is an important step in EMIS development because all of the wild parts will be combined efficiently can develop an affective system output. Quality control is also of much implication because it can assure quality checks at all levels.In educational institutes, an effective and efficient information management system that should help management at all level for planning, policy making, and management can be developed by latch oning common data collection instruments, by underdeveloped data processing software and by adopting all of the procedures for quality control and assurance. Such a developed system can assure the effective performance of all of the statistical functions in the institutes. The processes of data collections its ent ry and substantiation are all very close to the source. This data is then communicable as an electronic copy all slightly the institute. At every level of management, this data is analyzed on the basis of the users requirements which ensure the minimization of inconsistency and task duplications. Such a system also ensures the quality, reliability, data validity and effectiveness as well as the end users bliss at all levels.2.3 EMIS in realityAs discussed above that the concept of educational management information system (EMIS) has been adopted by many developed and developing countries over the past several years. In some of the countries, this technique has failed because of ignoring many important entities and critical procedures that were necessary to adopt in order to ensure its success. In these countries, these EMIS were not big success because they forgot that adopting a new technical name, obtaining funds and grants and improper system adaptation never ensure the ada ptation of new technology.In developing countries there are some trends listed for increasing the demand for EMIS (Chapman, 1990). They areExplosive growing of Educational SystemThis is the foremost and important trend that pressurized the developing countries to make them adopt EMIS systems. This trend will reflect the growth of population which afterward will place the increased rate of participation. It also puts the pressure on the doctrine materials and on the stipulation of the qualified teachers and staff. This explosive growth subsequently limited the development of the educational resources and caused the decline in education quality in these developing countries (Chapman Mahlck, 1993).Increased Complexity of Educational SystemAs the educational system has grown explosively in the developing countries, it also results in its complexity. Educational ministry has pursued multiple objective so many different and new course works has been under taken so that education quali ty can be improved.Increased Financial Pressure many an(prenominal) governments are experiencing the increased financial pressure so they need to adopt those resource allocation procedures that are efficient in longer run. internationalist FundingIn order to attract international livelihood agencies in the area of education, it is necessary to provide them with the quantitative data that must show the success and progress of the educational projects. These agencies are pressurizing the developing countries so that they can also justify their own accountability. In developing countries, they are financing only when they get accurate statistics and data that can evaluate their funded projects so they require unforgiving accountability.Low Cost Information engine roomAs technology is advancing so it is available at very low cost. In these developing countries, large data amount is being handled by using the low cost advanced information technology.All roughly the world, there are p olicies of different organizations to improve the educational systems. UNESCO is also one of the organizations that has strategic objectives in the field of education with their clear policy of improving the quality of education. This policy includes the agenda of improving educational quality through diversification of methods and content, diffusion, experimentation promotion, dialogue, by adopting best practices, innovation and by information sharing. Information and technology advancement has put the pressure all close to the globe to adopt these ICTs in their educational system and tech them to the students. This learning of advanced ICTs is very important to cope up with the challenges of 21st century. UNESCO, in its World educational report discussed some of the fundamental implications that ICTs have for the conventional learning and teaching (UNESCO World Education Report, 1998). In order to date all of the requirements that are must for the integration of these ICTs in th e conventional systems there are some frameworks proposed in different publications (UNESCO World Education Report, 2002). These are fundamental requirements that are identified as the important strategies for the teacher education, for managing the alteration process in learning, for managing change process in adopting and integration of these ICTs. technology has become a catalyst that is transforming the learning and whole education systems (UNESCO World Education Report, 1998).Different multimedia projects have been employed that are using the information visualization techniques and are beneficial for the citizens of the far distant countries. In this way, students from the distant countries are also learning new technologies. These multimedia applications are also installed in schools so that students can learn new technologies at the very basic school level. This helped the school community to explore both the real and virtual technologies within the context information and by using the interactive visualized systems (John P. Dougherty et all, 2002).In terms of information technology (IT), there have been substantial discussions for the preparation of the workforce that can work globally. In developing countries, still there are limited resources along with the limited number of professionals that can make best use of this IT so the bode to increase the productivity in educational system by the use of IT is still on hold. In order to succeed at any level of life, it is now a must to incorporate these IT in their careers so that the rapid change of the world can be handled (John P. Dougherty et all, 2002).All more or less the world, these EMIS started as a result of the individual research projects or as an innovative idea that has been initiated by academic individuals by winning risks that result in the development of the web based initiatives which were not a come system. On the other hand, there are now many complete systems that are well plann ed, institutionally comprehensive and systematically integrated (JC Taylor, 2001). For example, at the University of Southern Queensland, where there is history of distant learning for almost 25years, there the transformation to the IT environment was a natural step. The organization itself as a whole adopted this new move rather than by just adopting by some individuals. They adopted the web based information and communications technologies at universities and reflect on element of the corporate mission control i.e. To be a leader in flexible learning and the use of information and communications technologies (JC Taylor, 2001).The word portal has gained much attention in past several years which means door entrance or gate (Winston Dictionar, 2009). In higher educational systems, it is difficult and risky but is necessary to develop a portal so that the educational system can compete and realize the importance of ICTs. In this way, universities and colleges can get a very clear id ea about the benefits of investing on to the enterprise systems, data warehouses and in other information services. By developing their own portals, educational institutes can integrate services, information and other radical so that uniform information will flow all roughly the institute. Its a big challenge to incorporate higher education and technology, same is the case with portal strategy but the result is always beneficial to the organization.2.4 EMIS in PakistanEMIS is not a new field of study, but as we see that now it is receiving more importance around the globe. But in Pakistan in past few decades EMIS research encircle Basic direct education System but my research on EMIS in HE of Pakistan is completely new area of research for Pakistan. Also the Educational Organizations are learning new methods of enhancing the efficiency of their organizations, individually and as a whole as a group.In Pakistan, many reforms have been made after the establishment of the Higher Edu cation Commission (HEC). These reforms target the improvement of the quality of the education as well as to generate more resources for the growth of education in the higher education in the country. In Pakistan, the most recent trend is to improve the processes and resources in the universities. In these days, Engineering and applied science programs has created a big hype so majority of the students are taking admission in these areas. Higher Education Commission (HEC) as well as Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) has set certain critera that universities need to fulfill before offering admissions to students in these areas. This critera required the availability of manpower, certain infrastructure, highly qualified staff, well equipped labs, and quality education process. In order to produce highly qualified and trained staff, HEC is offering certain scholarship and funding schemes so that more qualified manpower can be produced.2.5 COMSATAS Institutes of Technology2.5.1 EMIS in COMSATAS Institutes of TechnologyIn order to standardize the universities much attention is driven to the adaptation of new technologies as well as towards the infrastructure development and improvement of the operating procedures. The criteria of HEC for the higher education institutions is very strict and is based on resource counting, collection of performance data and collection of all of the corresponding ratios which are in bottom up adroitness until the final reports are generated. This evaluation criterion demands the individual assessment system for each department in the university so that independent and quality information can be elaborated. This whole process will result in enhancing the quality of different operating procedures and processes that are being exercised in the institute and will results in enhancing the university ranking.There are many ways by which this feedback loop can be achieved in the higher educational institutions. It is possible that certain re ports and indicators may be widely available all around the campus as soon as they are generated so that effective data is readily available. At various decision making points, the key personnel department can take immediate corrective action when required by just keeping a sharp eye on these reports. This is significant in a way that it will increase the awareness in the whole academic community. Whenever administration decides for any required change then all of the standard measures can be taken. The possible measure that can increase the reliability of the feedback loop is to make sure that all of the relevant elements in the institutional information system are readily available. By adopting this technique, all of the entities will be permanently connected and consulted the information all around the institute.Other measure that can be adopted is that all of the old practice that are being performed at different departments can be refined. This process of refinement needs the feature that has already lay in and it can also take into account the suggestions by all of its users or the involved entities.The intention for the development of the EMIS for COMSATS IIT was to refine most of the activities that were being performed at various levels in different departments of the university. This refinement will be done by taking in mind all of the accumulated users suggestions and from the experience of the all of the involved entities. In this EMIS, a new service bottom has been added that corresponds to the extraction of all of the related derived information. This information is particularly designed to support university management at several levels.2.5.2 COMSATS University Online System (CU-Online)In order to get the advantage of the maximum possible ICT utilization, COMSATS IIT, Pakistan has developed an automated educational management system which is commonly known as CU-Online (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). This system has been developed to create an integrated educational system. This system aims to maintain all of the information related to the students, facilitate the employees to access all of the resources related to the curriculum that can help them in lesson planning, examination conduction, results reporting and managing all of the other students and teachers accounts. This system has the capability to report and analyze different data and information for the individual users and incorporated users that can help them at all levels to get a broader pic of the whole educational institute and system. This system has been developed with the intention to provide user connectivity everywhere all times as a unmixed web based application. It provides academic, transactional and administrative access to all its users which results in development of the collaborative campus. In CU-Online system there are four main components that constitute its environment (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). They areDataStudent/ParentManagement, facu lty, staffHardwareIn this EMIS system, there are various stakeholders like faculty, parents and students and management and staff. Faculty needs this system to plan their lessons and curriculum, for progress report and class assessment. This is a tool by which faculty can communication with parents and students. It also reports the progress towards students goals. This EMIS enables the parents and students to keep a check of the progress reports, work assignments. They can also check their work assignments and progress towards their graduation requirements. Management and staff use this system to achieve all of the staff and student information (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). This system has modules for admission, student information system, library, human resource management, course portal, record and hardware monitoring and for fee and accounts.In COMSATS IIT, the introduction of ICTs not only automates all of the departments but also facilitates all of the involved entities in the university. Students are getting quality education and they are required many facilitations in different aspects. In order to earn good name to university, management is required to adopt quality procedure and must assure quality at all level of management. While in a university, students can come across many different procedures and problems so this system must facilitate them in every aspect so that they can only concentrate on their studies. Similarly staff and faculty members must avoid all of the cumbersome procedures and must only perform their required duties (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). All of such facilities must reach to the users with ease on their desktops.