Basic Ecological Concept

Basic Ecological Concept Levels of make-up Cells- be still of Cell Membrane, nucleus and Protoplasm. Tissue-is an aggregation of cells per grading a crude function or functions. Organs- is the aggregation of tissues normally forming a definite shapes, and performing a definite function within an reed organ system. Organ System-is a group of variety meat that perform coordinated functions together to retain the beingness alive and functioning well. The kitchen range of the biology includes the say of all these and whitethorn extend to the level of the organism much(prenominal) as conduct, and the organism mechanism for interacting with its environment.Ecology started from the study of the organism-a group of organisms that is similar in appearance, behavior and genetic make up start to the same species. The biological species concept raise that members of a species be those individual that be genetically related sufficient to be able to interbreed and produce fatty offspring. cosmos The group of the individuals belonging to angiotensin converting enzyme species and is found together in a define area at a certain time.A universe of discourse possesses characteristics that much by empirical observation describe the group much(prenominal) as world Density, spreading, Natality, Mortality, Growth, Age dispersal, and productive potential. Population Density Describe the degree of crowdedness of a population in a give area. Crude Density may be computed from the spell of individuals or the total population biomass per unit of measurement space. Ecological or particular Density describes the number or biomass per unit of space that is actually available to the population. Dispersion The distribution of organisms over the space where they are found.Three sit have been observed clumped, random, and uniform. The clumped dissemination is the most common case of pattern since the shite or medium on which organisms are found in constitut ion are not uniform. Random distribution is rare in nature, occurring only where the soil is generally rich so that the plants slew grow and thrive some(prenominal)where. Uniform Distribution is found in artificial civilized areas. Natality/Morality Natality corresponds to what is termed in gentles as birth identify or the number of new individuals produced in the pupolation for a period of time.Morality is known as death rate in human demographics, or the number of deaths in a given time period. Growth Is an consequential feature of a population since the increases or decreases of population size determines its fundamental fundamental interaction with other populations in the community and its impact on the environment. Age Distribution Is classifies the population jibe to ripen brackets or to general age groups much(prenominal) as prereproductive, reproductive and postreproductive. Reproductive PotentialThe Reproductive potential of a population is its theoretical capac ity to produce the utmost number of offspring in archetype conditions. Community The community has properties that may be used to come on clarify its small-arm and its interaction with the environment. Like species dominance, diversity, relative abundance, species foulness and evenness. Dominance Is attained by a species in a community by virtue of a greater number of individuals, or by size such as the overwhelming sizes of sequoia trees, or any other attribute that enables the species to construe the community. DiversityDiversity is the opposite of dominance, a case where no single species has greater number or biomass or other relative importance than other species in the community. Ecosystem The basic unit of ecology because it includes the living and nonliving components. The orbit includes necessary nonliving components such as soil, piddle, air, and the staves that keep and renew them, which are jointly called the biogeochemical cycles. Bioenergetics heftiness i s necessary for maintaining the life processes of organisms. The insolate is the source of all the readiness that goes into the ecosystem. The solar ystem is radiated on to the earth where a flyspeck fraction of it is tapped by plants and used in photosynthesis. Solar energy released in the form of light waves called photons. Herbivores are organism that kick in on plants. Carnivores are organism that rust on other organism. Omnivores are organism that consume both plants and animals. Food scope The date of eating and being eaten may be described by regimen chain. It alike indicates the role, the feeding mode and absolute of each organism. Food Web A food web shows the various possibilities of the sequence of eating and being eaten in the ecosystem.There are two major types of food webs in the ecosystem the grazing food web is the more conspicuous type because it is usually composed of large plants and animals that are familiar. Law of Energy First rightfulness of thermod ynamics stated that energy is never created nor destroyed but is transform from one form to another. Second law of thermodynamics states that as energy is transformed it degrades or diminishes. Biogeochemical Cycles Substances that organisms need to survive are called alimentarys such as pee, light speed, oxygen, north, and sulfur.Nutrients move with the ecosystem in cycles called biogeochemical cycles where bio refers to the living organism, geo refers to the inorganic molecules such as those found in rocks, air, and water, and chemical refers to the interactions of the elements mingled with them. pee cycle Evaporation-the heat of the sun, or solar energy makes water vapor, which is water in gaseous form, continually travel from water bodies and from the land. Condensation-it brings water into the atmosphere where the water molecules clump together. Precipitation-the clumps get too blown-up and too heavy, they fall back bolt down to the earth.In the form of rain, snow, ha il or sleet. Water cycle is the movements of several chemical substances through the ecosystem. Carbon cycle-During photosynthesis plants use up carbon dioxide, combining it with water to form sugars specially glucose. Consumption of these sugars breaks them down releasing CO2. north Cycle-Nitrogen is an substantial component of proteins, the building oppose of all living matter. Fixation- the process of converting nitrogen from the gaseous state, N2 to the usable ammonium hydroxide, NH3, and nitrate NO3.Mineralization or ammonification-involve the breakdown of dead organisms and their proteins and nucleic acids are further broken down into amino acids. Nitrification-where the bacterium such as the nitosomonas use ammonia to produce their energy needs by converting it. Denitrification- is the process by which nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere. daystar cycle-the sedimentary rocks which contain atomic number 15 in the form of the mineral apatite comprise a pool phosphorus . Phosphorus is released when these rocks weather naturally, which takes along time, or when human mines these rocks to release phosphorus which is used to fertilizers soap.Sulfur cycle- a basically sedimentary nutrients cycles through air, soil and water. The sulfur cycle involves the three spheres as it cycle through the soil, waterway, and atmosphere. It originates from the crust and mantle of the earth and is spewed push through during volcanic eruptions. It is found in the volcanic rocks and many minerals. Limiting Factors and the Law of tolerance Law of the Minimum- states that when there is not enough of a certain nutrient in the environment, the growth of organism that needs that nutrient will be severely springed.Studies also show that too much of any nutrient will likewise limit growth, giving rise to the Law of hold in Factors. Sunlight and Temperature are two important physical factors that limit the distribution and abundance of organism. Species Interactions The po pulation of two species may optimisticly or damagingly affect the introduction of one another in the community. Mutualism- refers to the interaction between two species where both are benefited. Competition- is an typeface of a positive negative interaction when two species of the same species try to obtain the same limited resource.Predation- is an example of a positive negative interaction wherein the predator eats the prey. Parasitism- is another type of positive negative interaction wherein the hosts digest nourishment to the parasite. Commensalism- is a form of positive zippo interaction wherein in the commensal also referred to as hitchhiker attaches itself to the host spot the host is neither help nor harmed by the interaction. Amensalism- is an example of a negative zero interaction wherein one organism is moderate while the other is not affected.