History Early Christians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

History Early Christians - Essay ExampleAgnes shows the image of bloody shame place between St. Peter and St. Paul with her arms extended towards the two saints. The increased interest in the pure Mary that was evident during the catacombs came about as a result of a new doctrine by the Church Fathers who represented the virginal Mary as the New Eve. The church fathers taught that just in the same way that Eve had played an important role in bringing the downfall of Adam, the gross(a) Mary as the New Eve had played an important role in the redemptive ministry of rescuer who was seen as the new Adam. According to this teaching, both Eve and Mary had played secondary but real roles in the lives of Adam and Jesus2.Ideally, this understanding was not popular in the Apostolic church and hence the argue why there was little art depicting the Virgin Mary in the earlier period. Although Mary had been recognized in earlier literature in spite of appearance the church, the assumption by the Church Fathers that she participated in the start of Salvation with Jesus Christ had given her new status within the church. By the 3rd century, about people within the church had accepted the Virgin Mary under the title Mother of beau ideal even though this title had not been solemnized until two centuries later. Under this new status, praying directly to Mary was no longer seen as idolatry but rather as a spiritual communication with God3.By the time the Council of Ephesus was convened in 431 A.D., where the Virgin Mary was officially christened as the Mother of God there were many cathedrals that had been dedicated to her name in most parts of Rome and Jerusalem and this was also the time within which art was also developing. After the Council of Ephesus, the went done a flourishing period of dedication to the Blessed Virgin in most parts of the East and the West and the quantity of this dedication was mostly brought out through art. This devotion

Protein Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Protein - Research Paper ExampleResults indicated antibacterial activity to be present in pepsin-digested lactoferrin and F2 sample. Thus, purification of lactoferricin obtained through peptic digestion of bovine lactoferrin was accomplished by fractionation of the hydrolysate use cation exchange chromatography.Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein and, as the name suggests, is a constituent of draw. It is also found, to a lesser extent, in diverse mucosal (exocrine) discriminations of mammals that are commonly exposed to normal flora such as tears, nasal exudate, saliva, bronchial mucus, gastrointestinal fluids, cervicovaginal mucus and seminal fluid (Weinberg, 2003). Also, Lf is produced by secondary granules of polymorphonuclear neutrophils for deposition at septic sites. The coarse-grained contents of neutrophils can be released into inflammatory fluids after neutrophil death, by what is known as holocrine secretion. The protein is closely related to transferrin, the iron-transport protein present in the plasma. Lactoferrin is a multifunctional innate- defence mechanism protein, known to exert a broad-spectrum primary defense activity against microbes including bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses (Orsi, 2004), and even some antibiotic-resistant pathogens (Wakabayashi et al., 2003). Lf is found in high concentrations in breast milk (37 mg/ml) and tear fluid (14 mg/ml) (Rogan et al., 2006). Among the many constituents of milk which withdraw revealed antimicrobial activity, lactoferrin exhibits both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against a wide array of microorganisms, including those causing gastroenteric infections, sustenance poisoning, listeriosis and mastitis (Dionysius et al., 1993). Recently, clinical trials have demonstrated that bovine lactoferrin (bLF) administration can reduce the risk of colon carcinogenesis in humans (Tsuda et al., 2010). A key role of Lf is to scavenge non-protein-bound iron in body

Maintaining financial recorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Maintaining financial recorder - Essay utilizationAll business require tangible amend as puzzles which are defined by IAS 16 as tangible items that a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services for term of a contract to others or for administrative purposes and b) are expected to be used during more than one period (IASB 2008). typically these include land, building, office, fixtures and fittings etc. which are deemed necessary to operate and carry out different activities. The fixed assets are for long term and their encyclopedism postulates large amounts of funds which companies need to raise either through inseparable equity or by borrowing from financial institutions. Therefore, the authorization of the secure of fixed assets requires delegation of place to individuals who may be involved in maintaining fixed asset system or overlooking the absolute purchase process. The procedures for the authorizing individuals of the purchase of fixed assets sho uld be part of the beau mondes policy that should clearly set out the positions and authority levels of individuals who can direct purchase of fixed assets. The delegation of authority depends upon the structure of the company and also relies on the nature of the business that the company is operating in. Capital expenditures which are beyond limits of individuals at departmental levels have to be authorized by the higher management. In addition to tangible fixed assets there are also intangible assets which include goodwill, brand, trademarks, copyrights which are purchase and authorizeAsset acquisition typically initiates from the departmental manager assessment of the requirements of his / her department in terms of fixed assets to be purchased. These involve either purchase of a new asset or replace an existing one. The authorization of departmental managers is assigned and managed according to the price level of fixed assets that could be ordered. Departmental managers can aut horize purchase of fixed assets

Discuss roles and responsibilities of a System Analyst and relation to Research Paper

Discuss roles and responsibilities of a System Analyst and relation to a project manager - Research Paper ExampleMasters in melody administration is also required. However, some individuals are hired with a bachelors degree in a technical field, as well as consider adapted on-the-job business training. This job requires one to let strategic skills (technical and business) as well as ability to interact with professionals with variety of skills (Shelly, 12). A Systems Analyst mustiness have good analytical skills, (to be able to analyze for the report) good communication skills, and experience in programming is a help also. Basic skills such as grammar, spelling, data entry and Microsoft office (Microsoft words, excel, PowerPoint and Microsoft outlook) skills are also required. Other skills consumeed are verbal communications and reading of comprehension. It is important for system analyst to be able to recognise complex business process. System analyst need to understand bus iness establishments and how they operate. It is important to understand how organizations are structured and managed (Shelly, 34). In addition to understanding the business, analyst must understand business functions such as accounting, human resource, finance and customer care. wholeness should know the organization they are working in, their traditions and values, what it does, what makes it successful and most definitely their strategic plan. A system solution is tailored for ad hoc needs of specific organization. They should also possess people skills and knowledge. This is because system analysts normally work on discipline teams with other employees (Niznik, 8). They need to understand a lot of people and possess many interpersonal skills. Analysts need to understand how people think, learn, react to change, communicate and work (Shelly, 17). System analyst mostly works in office or laboratory. Their work is much involving therefore most of the times they do overtime. Thi s happens especially when aim a new system or one is being installed. One might be able to telecommunicate but most of their duties are performed by themselves. System analyst can advance to a senior position such as senior or lead analyst or header education officer. Most of system analyst after gaining experience, they choose to become independent consultants. Role and Responsibilities One role of systems analysts is to enable systems with different setups to communicate with each other on both hardware and software program level (Mannetti, 9). Systems are more varied and advanced as tools such as wireless Smartphone and internet-based applications sojourn to replace the functions of a regular PC computer. As a result, individuals in these kinds of computer careers should stay informed of the latest technologies. They are also more in demand to provide systems security as more and more confidential data is stored electronically on a network. Analysts are trusted with private information such as salary, health and job performance information. They should come up with a system that entrust protect the information from being hacked, leaking or tempered with (Mannetti, 4). They might also work with confidential incorporated information about products, strategic plans, business tactics and security systems and process. If these kinds of information leak then the organization is doomed. System analysts play a major role especially in governments and security agents. System analyst designs complex systems that will accomplish goals of the business or organization. Design

Googles Chaos Management Style Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Googles Chaos Management Style - assigning ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that crazy house management is not a unfermented terminology in the stream of organisational change management. Right from its first reference in tomcat Peters classical piece of chaos management to the literature till date, most of the organizers and managers have conventionally considered chaos management as essential to performance improvement and cost reduction. Detailed literature analysis on chaos and organizational change management has elucidated three major attributes namely, chaos is a metapraxis, a interlacing process that is neither a process or a model but inherent in organizational reality secondly, the theory of self-interest or self-perpetuation is in tandem with the principles of chaos, especially an ethic of connectivity and thirdly, the circumstantial principles of chaos in the form of connectivity, consciousness, and interdeterminacyprovide practical approaches to n etwork multilogue, a socially interactive bodied environment with amenities of personal growth. An interesting observation in most of the literature on organizational management has been that the factor of chaos is unavoidable and always there to stay in business, especially in this racy times of extreme internet invasion affecting our lives. The organizational culture at Google is simplified, til now interesting. With a smart and determined task force, Google Company encompasses people from all walks of life, who speak a dozen of languages and reflect the global audience that they always serve. The idea is to maintain an open culture wherein everyone can note comfortable sharing ideas and opinions.

Integrated Marketing Communications Programme for the Ashcroft Essay

Integrated Marketing Communications Programme for the Ashcroft International blood School at Cambridge and Chelmsford - Essay ExampleThese campuses attract not only students from the East of England but similarly in mainland Europe. With its commitment in making the higher education accessible to all(prenominal), the university is tapping the global market by creating an extensive network of contacts with several institutions across the world.In line with the continuously changing challenges in the market environment as well as the increasingly tight competition within the local and internationalistic school industry, the university has to put in extra effort in strengthening its existing market communications programme.This study will discuss about the proposed strategy for the AIBSs market segment, the characteristics of the student body, multi-cultural issues, and the chosen equal of methods using several communication methods. Another highlighted topic is the importance of measuring the effectiveness of each marketing communications used. Comparing the proposed strategy with the ones used by a similar establishment would be profitable in determining the possible outcome of the proposed strategy.The market segment of AIBS includes international students planning to enrol in business related courses. The current market of AIBS has a total of 3,000 undergraduate, postgraduate, and professional students. AIBS employs over 80 regular professional teachers to handle the students. The students were given the option to study on a full-time or irregular basis. Among the 3,000 students, 2,000 be foreign or international students coming from more than 100 different countries worldwide.3 Working students are composed of 20% of the total population.Based on UKCOSAi statistics regarding the international students in UK Higher Education (HE)ii, thither are a total of 268,295 international students all over England accounting for a total of 84.26% all over UK. A mong the 268,295 international students, 13% or 34,878.35 students are

A Teacher's Expectations of Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Teachers Expectations of Students - Essay ExampleThis is so that each disciple in a school will have goals that they should be obtaining in their learning each year. Without guidelines written in stone passed d consume from the state departments of education, there would be no map of direction for teachers to follow. When expectations ar developed, whether sure or not in reality, it green goddess be perceived as being true. If these expectations are met, students get a self-fulfillment prophecy (Stipek). In an average classroom, students on the first day of school will not only learn the name of their teacher, but they will be given a grassroots idea of what their classroom rules will be throughout the year or semester. Situations may arise and students may test their teachers patience with behavior but as long as guidelines for discipline are erect in stone and every student is treated fairly, the students will learn to respect the unsaid expectations of the teacher. A te acher must enter his or her classroom that first day with a mapped out plan. With cured students, a teacher might distribute a syllabus that describes the expectations and objectives of the class. However, with younger students, giving them a written out format like a syllabus may not be as expedient because they may not be able to read it yet if they are very young or may not have the ability to interpret it well enough to make it apply to them personally. When a teacher expects a lot from his or her students, he or she has the ability to push them to learn. Through a teachers own passion for learning and teaching, he or she can in notwithstanding that same drive into the students minds. When looking at students in grades fourth through sixth grades, this is a trying time to get the students to ferment more independent with their studies. They will be learning that they are in charge of completing their own assignments. It is as well as a crucial time when harder homework star ts trickling in and the students begin to realize the importance of taking initiative to complete their assignments on time. In these grade levels, it is also still a time when it is prevalent to reward students for excellence by offering trinkets or other awards for a job well done. Students oppose well to positive reinforcement. While they are not yet young adults and are not still young children, this age of students are in a transitional period. If a teacher rewards a student for a perfect score on a vocabulary test, it is evident that he or she is back up the students to push themselves to also receive perfect scores. This can then influence their academic achievements and improve their grades. This also gives them incentive to get a better grade next time. whatevertimes teachers give their students materials that go beyond what other students their age are doing. If a fourth grader is given an eighth grade level confine to read and write a report on, it is fulfilling bec ause they are working with more advanced materials. This increases their mastery and productivity by exposing them to curriculum that is beyond regular achievement. Why reach for the clouds if you can touch the stars? If you dream it, you can become it. These are both statements that propose reaching for higher expectations. Students will achieve more if they are pushed to their boundaries and beyond. In the process, students will become brighter and more intelligent when exposed to curriculum that is above their grade level. Some expectations that would positively influence a students achievements would be to

Social contract theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social contract theory - probe ExampleTherefore in a political sense, the deposit is the representation of the means by which a group of one-on-ones relate to each other out of the common will to live with other gay beings in the community. Hegel views the State as the agent of true freedom for the private.The basis of self intellect in an individual, according to Hegel, lies not in his active thinking actions but in the active desires existing indoors the individual which are in negation. Hegel views self consciousness as desire and he believes that self consciousness can exist only through sublation in a referent other. The certainty of self and individual existence may be obtained through the gratification of the individuals desires, however these are teach by the other certainty exists only through the cancellation of the other, therefore if a cancellation of the desire is to be effected, there must be the other. (Hegel, 1967).Therefore Hegel does not view the individual a splaying a significant affair in politics, except as a part of an institution, i.e, the State. The State is the form of inward self-expression of the people in an objective form. The validation of the individual would exist only in the form of credit rating attained from others. For example, where individual ownership of property is concerned, much(prenominal) a property would belong to the person only to the extent that it is recognize by others, i.e, by the State. Being thus recognized by others symbolizes the individuals struggle for recognition. The State in effect represents the subjective will of a collective group of people.Applying Hegels views, an individuals nature is governed by desire and his self consciousness expresses itself in the form of the gratification of desires. However, according to Hegel, such gratification of desires can occur only in the context of some referent other, i.e, individual recognition is dependent upon recognition by others. In

Morals and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Morals and Ethics - Essay recitationUnderstanding the ways in which ethics and morals may conflict and converge and, how actions may be judged as moral except not honourable, and vice-versa, it is important to define these two concepts. According to the Webster dictionary, the term ethics refers to a set of moral principles whose application allow for the differentiation between right and wrong. On the bum of this definition, it would seem that ethics and morals are inseparable, whereby that which is ethical is, by definition, also moral. This is not true. Once once more referring to the Webster dictionary, one finds that moral systems tend to be universal mend ethical principles tend to be specific. That is, while morals refer to universal understandings of right and wrong, good and bad, ethics refer to particular understandings, which derive from passkey or cultural codes of conduct, among others. Therefore, even though the concepts of ethics and morals are interrelated, th ey are ultimately distinct.On the basis of the definitions resented, it is evident that the colonial officers actions were ethical but they were not moral. Within the bounds of his professional duties and his right to protect the Burmese, his shooting of the elephant was an ethical act. The elephant, who suffered an attack of must (Orwell, para. 6), had wreaked havoc upon the market and the hut dwellers, not to reference work the fact that it had stomped upon an old man and killed him by partially burying him, head down, in the mud. The elephant had proved himself severe and his owner, the only person who could control him, was not in the vicinity. Given the officers profession and its associate responsibilities and duties, shooting and violent death the elephant was ethical insofar as it meant terminating the danger which this beast represented to the defenseless. While it may have been an ethical act, the shooting of the elephant was not a moral one. There are several reasons why his action was wicked. In the first place, the officer did not shoot the beast because he represented a danger at that time but, because the crowd expected him to. In the second place, the shooting was not inspired by a sense of professional certificate of indebtedness towards the safety and the welfare of the villagers but by the desire not to be laughed at. In the third place, the officer shot the elephant even though his moral instincts told him that this was wrong. Consequently, in acting as he did, Orwells colonial officer did not just disregard his own moral judgment but his actions were not motivated by any sense of professional ethics or notion of responsibility towards the villagers. Indeed, he even expressed happiness/satisfaction that the elephant had killed a coolie so that his shooting of the elephant may be morally and ethically justifiable. It is on this basis that his actions must ultimately be judged as immoral even though they are seemingly consistent with hi s professional ethics.The fix, or medical residents actions are a complete reversal of those of Orwells officer as they comply with morality but not with professional ethics. The doctor was, to all intents and purposes, trapped in a situation wherein morals and ethics collided. On the one hand, he was confronted with an injured man who, if he did not try to

Operations Strategies at Marks & Spencers Clothing Industry Assignment

Operations Strategies at attach & Spencers Clothing Industry - Assignment ExampleTables of Contents Introduction Operations strategies include all actions that a firm conducts to support the briny business system. Through development and implementation of such operations strategies firms construct strong foundations in their markets thereby outcompeting other competitor firms. Through a particular operations strategy that firm will be able to develop productions that win the market by outcompeting products from other companies. To get hold of products succeed in the market, firms set their operations strategies in relation to cost, quality, service, flexibility, and other factors. The situation is similar pull down in the clothing industry. For instance, Marks and Spencers subprogram some operations strategies in post to remain successful in the market (Johnson, 2003). This forms the core of this typography. Effects Product devise process The product object process is imp ortant in developing products that will eventually succeed in the market. The design process must be precise innovative (Hsiao, 2004). This process makes products as per the requirements of the customers. In most cases companies use feedback from customers to manufacturer products that meet the needs and requirements of the target customers. Good product designs heavily depend on individual(a) designers (Hemoen, 2013). Marks and Spencer is one of the most successful retailers in the UK due to the numerous competitive gains the company offers. This attaches to the design process that ensures the company offers good quality products at reasonable prices. The companys competitive advantage is also because it only sells its own products. The company develops measures to reduce the cost of production through reducing the summate of materials and energy... This essay stresses that the qualifier for the Classic affirm product its definitive and stylish identity, which define most of the classic range products. Another characteristic of the classic range is its good quality. Such order winning characteristics and qualifiers influence the customers into buying these products. The qualifier for Per Una is its high-fashion design trends that make it suitable for teenagers and the young generations full of new expectations. The autograph range display unique designs that are suitable for the design-lovers. All the triad clothing ranges at Mark and Spencer affiliate to some specific operations objectives. These are quality, speed and cost. The classic range manufactures quality products from fabric of very high quality. In terms of speed, the Per Una is an exception since it has to catch up with the changing trends in the clothing industry. This paper makes a conclusion that operations strategies include are important for a firm as it supports the main business strategy of the firm in question. Firms set their operations strategies in relation to cost, quality, se rvice, flexibility, and other factors. The product designing process will affect the operations performance strategies for Mark and Spencer Company. Segmentation is important in the business strategy of M&S because it helps in leading the clothing market. Operations performance objectives for the three clothing ranges at M&S include quality, speed, and cost.

Effects of various types of drugs Research Paper

Effects of miscellaneous types of drugs - Research Paper ExampleThis essay considers the various types of effect of these drugs as they influence the person or persons who dumbfound consumed them.Depressants have are a specialized type of psychoactive drug that temporarily limits the functionality of a specific part of the brain or trunk (Msds glossary, 2010). There are a broad variety of depressants, many of which human beings consume recreationaly. In these regards, integrity of the most popularly consumed depressants is alcohol. While most individuals have experienced the effectuate of alcohol, its necessary to advance an clinical understanding of these effects as they relate to different types of psychoactive drugs. Some of the most notable effects of alcohol are disinhibitions. In these regards, the impulses one might think or feel when they are unplayful but are inhibited to act upon when under the influence of alcohol the individual is then advantageously more like ly to follow through (Myers 2010). Another notable effect of alcohol is slowed neural response. In these regards, significant alcohol utilization slows the users sympathetic nervous system so they oftentimes exhibit effects such as slurred speech, and impaired movement. The slowing of the individuals neural response through alcohol consumption is a highly notable effect, as it is through this effect that individuals oftentimes become involved in fatal traffic accidents. Another highly prominent type of depressant are barbiturates. Barbiturates are silent as, can be used as hypnotics, sedatives, anticonvulsants and anesthetics, although they are probably most familiar as quiescency pills (Barbiturate,). In these regards, barbiturates are generally understood as tranquilizers for their sedative effects. While in small doses barbiturates have been administered as sleep or pain aids, in larger doses they can be potentially dangerous, conduct to impairment of memory,

Relationship between organizational leadership, culture and Dissertation

Relationship among organisational leadership, culture and carrying into action in family businesses - Dissertation ExampleHowever, there is a dearth of look regarding the extent to which the founder is able to embed strategic behaviors into family fuddled management and culture or the percentage point to which these behaviors impact the financial performance of these firms (Sorenson, 2000). Some effort has been made to examine the leadership styles of family firm leaders and the relationship of these styles to family and non-family members (Kellerman, 2008). Aldrich and Cliff (2003) suggested that entrepreneurial leadership attributes likely influenced family firm strategies, processes, and structures. Sorenson (2000) found that participative leaders achieved high performance in both the family and the business dimensions of the firm. The findings of the test hypotheses regarding performance outcomes in these studies were not conclusive regarding the effects of leadership style s on performance. Research on the leadership styles of the founder and their effect on family and non-family members may provide acumen into family firm performance (Sharma, 2004). Purpose/Research Questions The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between organizational leaders cerebration and behavioral styles, its culture, and financial performance. Three family firms will be selected for this study. Participants will admit current owners, founders, and family member and non-family member managers and employees. ... Preliminary Literature Review The Family Firm Although family firms have played an intact role in world economies throughout history, research into family businesses did not begin to come into prominence until 1975 (Handler, 1989). Handlers travail to integrate the field around a common purpose by defining a family firm as an organization whose major operating decisions and plans for leadership succession be influenced by family members serving in management or on the board (p. 262) is characteristic of such ventures in its difficulty to operationalize. Furthermore, Astrachan, Klein, and Smyrnios (2002) have delimitate family business along a continuum measuring the levels of family influence across the dimensions of power, experience, and culture. Their end is to provide an objective and order measurement of family involvement allowing comparison along a broad spectrum of family businesses. Sharma (2002) developed a typology which creates 72 categories of family firms found on the possible levels of family and non-family involvement in seven areas as identified on a firms stakeholder map. Her intent is to develop a mechanism for differentiating between family businesses along the continuum from the publicly traded international corporation to the mom and fine-tune enterprise. Leadership Styles For this study leadership styles specifically refer to the thinking and behavioral styles of family firm leaders. Leadership st yles are divided into three composite orientations with each orientation consisting of four styles each. The constructive orientation (achievement, self-actualizing, humanistic-encouraging, and affiliative) characterize thinking and behavior that

Whole Food in Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whole Food in Texas - Essay spokespersonHis acquisition strategy regarding independent small food submits and groceries helped him to uplift the community to be the nations one of the largest health food stores. The company aimed not only at the product quality notwithstanding also the betterment of the employees, customers, shareholders, and the environment. They largely focused on social service activities such as sponsorship of several(prenominal) charitable foundations, and low interest loan program for local farmers in addition with the economic training operations. In order to meet the customer satisfaction, the firm expanded its prepared food section and added a restaurant area it influenced the customers to spend more. The company had given comparatively good salary and incentives to the employees considering them as group members rather than employees. That was the real secret behind the success of the company. The CEO received only $1 per grade in salary whereas the company executives were earning 19 clocks the average annual salary of full time team members. It shows his higher concern toward the success of the company. Wild Oats Markets is a Colorado based food company founded by Gilliland Elizabeth Cook in 1987. The companys main growth strategy was new store developments and acquisitions. By this concept, they could acquire ranges of business ventures such as natural food stores and farmers markets.

Negotiation, Ethics and Effective Leadership Essay

Negotiation, Ethics and Effective Leadership - Essay ExampleThe whole notion of talks is make on the ethical quicksand. One study found by that 28% of the negotiators lied about at least one issue during the negotiation procedure. Another study found out that 100% of the negotiators every failed to actively lie or reveal a problem during the negotiation process. Although bald faced lies during negotiations ar wrong but concealments, omissions and evasions are very necessary for a negotiation process. Negotiations are often treat as an amoral game where ethical concerns are sidelined for substantive gains (Schneider & Honeyman, 2006, P. 178). Ethically ambiguous tactics are gross in negotiation. These are tactics that have more than one connotation regarding what is right and appropriate. Again the intake of deception is very common in negotiation. It is goaded by variety of individual differences and situational factors. It is also driven by negotiators need to increase his po wer, availability of tactics that are marginally ethical, opportunities for opportunism, competitive orientation to negotiation and variety of situational factors that makes easier for negotiators to act without any detection. He has made a half hearted attempt to reach out to Iran which has been short lived and has actually reverted to Bushs administration policy towards Iran. The deception is very clear in the negotiation between Iran and President Obama. Iran has been quite unreceptive to Obamas peaceful approach although President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has always told that he is ready for talks with the US President Barrack Obama. Iran has always attempted towards making nuclear enrichment plants indoors the mountain base of Iranian Revolutionary Guards near the religious centre of Qum in spite of receiving several(prenominal) warnings from the US President. Global Nuclear Disarmament treaties have often been violated by rough regimes alike(p) Iran. Although Iran claims that it complies with its responsibilities under the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty, it has never resorted to peace. Obamas administration policy contrasts largely from that of Bush in his dealing with Iran. He has made several attempts to engage Iran in negotiations on the nuclear issues rather than just focusing on increasing sanctions on Iran. This approach was not significantly altered in spite of the Iranian animosity in June 12 2009 over its election. However till date Iran has not agreed to implement it conformity of sending most of its enriched uranium to Russia and France for reprocessing. Negotiation skills help an individual in getting what they want from others. The negotiation skills help in achieving the goals of the leader. Military professionals use negotiation skills at the operational and strategic level. It helps them to maintain take care over their jurisdiction. They can also use this skill to avert or successfully counter opposite and to negotiate among conflicti ng interests. It also helps the leaders to exude a sincere belief in the locate of goals by engaging others to invest themselves in attaining these goals by forging a consensus on the desirability and spiritedness o the goals. Moreover Tehrans support of the Lebanese terrorism in 1980 which involved air lane hijacking also proved that Iran was not interested in creating a peaceful situation. In this adventure

Feasibility Analysis For Establishing A Teen Mom Residential Facility Essay

Feasibility Analysis For Establishing A Teen Mom Residential Facility - Essay ExampleEspecially in light of the social welfare reform rules which require that all minors reside in supervised garnishtings as a banner for the receipt of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), these facilities prove to be a viable source for such control. Despite this, very little is known about these facilities. To date, on that point has been a minimal set of empirical studies to indicate their efficacy. As such, this exact set out to examine the feasibility of such an implementation by examining seven facilities throughout the United States. This study rents to (1) document the implementation of residential facilities for teenage mother and (2) look the feasibility of implementing such a facility.This study examines seven residential facilities for teenage mothers within the United States. Since the aim of this study was to asses the feasibility of establishing such a facility, our e mphasis lied on programs with the highest potential for inclusion. In conducting the research, the researcher initiated numerous telephone interviews with various employees within the study facilities. The inquiry focused on the following areasManagement. The study facilities were managed utilizing both a networked management topology and an self-governing management topology. Four of the study facilities were networked and the remaining trio were independent facilities. The networked facilities were essentially multi-site facilities operating under a unified management body while the independent facilities were single-site facilities. By virtue of the varying topologies, the managerial structures as well as the size of these facilities were inherently different. bread and butter Sources. The study facilities were predominantly funded through grants from a variety of governmental funding sources. In fact, these funding sources work out for over 70% of the funding necessary for t hese facilities is garnered from private donations and other fundraising efforts. Eligibility Rules. The fundamental requirements involved specific guidelines with regards to age, maternalism and motherhood status and the qualification for state-subsidized programs. In general, the programs accepted residents as young as 13 years of age and as old 29 years old. Services Provided. All of the facilities provided a general set of core services. These services include housing, supervision and structure, case management and parenting and life skills. Staffing and CostsThe range of periodic per family expenditure ranged from approximately $1,100-$8,500. The lions share of this cost was realized in the costs associated with the staffing needs and the direct supervision of the residents. In fact benefits and compensation accounted for as much as 70% of the program fee. Within these programs there was intensive supervision which mandated an allocation of staff members who are in direct co ntact with the residents for a corporeal part of the day. The remaining costs were those associated with the provision of housing.CHAPTER I DEFINITION OF THE

The Definition of an Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Definition of an Organization - Essay voiceThe researcher states that goals are specific, measurable and timely targets that each scheme has put forward to improve its shape quo. In fellowship to realize the flush, vision, and goals, it is vital that all the s shamholders work as a team. The management ensures that any employee understands the goals clearly and that each is working towards their realization. The shared mission, vision, and goal are achieved through monitoring and evaluation. The management has a role of monitoring the performance of every employee in an effort to know whether they are working in the right direction. Any activity that employees engage in must be geared towards the achievement of the organizations goals. With the shared vision, mission, and goals, an organization is able to avoid confusion and conflicts. It also fosters discipline in the employment and providing employees with a sense of direction. Through evaluation, goals could be readjust ed when it is determined that they are not in line with the mission and vision of an organization. The management may measure the performance of an organization from time to time in order to know whether the goals have been achieved, and make any necessary recommendations. With the shared vision, mission, and goals, many organizations ensure that decision-making process is inclusive in nature. The relevant internal and external stakeholders are included in the decision-making processes. Allowing all the relevant stakeholders to take part in the decision-making processes has been associated with the reduction of conflicts in an organization. In his theory of change, Lewin indicated that lack of inclusiveness in decision-making was the major take a shit of defense to change. The stakeholders have a right to know the changes that the management seeks to introduce and their importance. In most cases, resistance to change is caused by the fear of unknown, and vested interests.

The assessment cycle Essay Example for Free

The judicial decision cycle EssayThe judging cycle is the on-going process of assessment. Each stage consumes initial assessment, assessment planning, assessment activity, assessment decision, feedback and come near review. Initial assessment leave alone take keister to gather sufficient training about the learners current aim of competence. This ordain establish a starting point so that the learner can see how much he or she will achieve during the course. It will enable the tutor to effectively plan to meet the individual learners require and will help to review the learners progress and achievements as well as determine future acquirement needs and preferred ways of acquirement. judgment planning is making decisions on what outcomes of learning should be, what methods and resources will be used, how the learning and assessment will take place and in the conquer time scale. You should ensure that the planned show up collection and assessment opportunities cov er the internal standard.All training and assessment must be appropriate for the needs of each learner. When the learning programme or assessment process is put into practise, it is considered the assessment activity. The results of learning are assessed, formatively and summatively. Performance point is gathered. This could be products of the learners work like documents produced as part of an activity or a test. It could also be practical evidence with the learner demonstrating competence. Assessment decision and feedback should always be given to learners regarding their performance. The feedback should include whether the evidence provided meets the national standard. It is important that the learner agrees with the assessment decision. The assessment should meet the detail outcomes and criteria identified in the assessment planning and should be at the appropriate level for the qualification.All evidence must be judged as valid, authentic, consistent and sufficient. A review of progress will keep learners up to date on how they are doing on the course. It is a constructive process that gives participants the opportunity to identify achievements and dispute problems and potential issues. The review process also provides an opportunity to set realistic milestones for the remainder of candidature, to ensure tip within the permitted timeframe.Initial assessment is assessing the learners current level of competence.This will establish a baseline so that the learner can see progress. It also offers the tutor the opportunity to plan to the learners ability, needs and learning style. Assessment planning takes forward the initial assessment and utilises information gathered to design an appropriate course of learning. This will be appropriate for national standards and set to a level that the learner can take advantage of. Assessment activity is when the learning programme is put into practise. Results of the learning are assessed and evidence is gathered. Th is will be a mixture of documentation and practical evidence demonstrating competency.Assessment decision is the stage to which the feedback and assessment decision is given. There, the learner will be informed whether evidence meets the national standards and carefully explained so that the learner understands the decision. This will follow the process initi exclusivelyy planned. Progress reviews take place in several inspection contexts. Essentially they are a point in time when all parties involved in training take a step back and look at the progress being made by a learner towards completing their individual learning plan. They also involve setting targets to further complete the plan.

The Madness of John Brown Essay Example for Free

The Madness of John chocolate-brown testHistorians are not the only ones that fundament elucidate history. History is a extensive puzzle that can be solved by anyone who has an educated diploma on certain subjects. Historians are the main disposal to solve the uncertainty of history with their useful, quality skills of making theories to conjoin loose ends of history, motivation of repeated research, and their endless love to learn new history, but a psychologist can solve history too with their forte. until now though it may seem absurd to believe that this occupation who assesses a mans person-to-personity to solve problems a psychologist can solve an dead mans prospective in life. A letter is a common communion device in the old days and can be read by anyone. A historiographer would try to find key words in the letter to guesstimate the situation, but a psychologist acute the mysteries of attitudes and behaviors of people would look at double meanings in passages.Two perceptions are better than one and knowledgeable the true motivation of a persons mind than their careless actions can give an different outlook of a case. Other specialists can help historians find the gist of John Brown rationale of being half-crazed in the terms of slavery and why he killed five men in the open. Although John Brown never underwent a psychological examination about his childhood, he had left a letter with alpha information of his childhood into a story.Psychoanalytic insight has helped to reveal some of Johns most intense personal conflicts from this letter his ambivalence toward his fathers strict discipline, the paradox of Browns struggle to internalize and accept his fathers authority in lay to become independent himself, and his main concern with property and pets as a means of defining his independence. This incertain father-son relationship suggests that Browns intense life-long identification with black slaves might well wealthy person sprung from t he struggle he go through with paternal discipline.Helping slaves was ultimately a means of helping himself without consciously recognizing the source of his emotions and convictions. He could have channel the repressed hostility toward his father toward the slaveholders. In conclusion, psychologist has added the shit of psychoanalysis in the study of history. This tool has helped historians to go beyond rational motives in understanding people who have changed society and history in either a good or bad way. History has somewhat gotten more clearer and truthful convey to psychologists.

Internship Report Essay Example for Free

Internship Report riseI am Nigel Ng Ding Xun from Business Information Technology. During the ending of my second year in Ngee Ann Polytechnic, I had to go through what may be the toughest thing I smelld during my time perusal in Ngee Ann. Internship. I was placed in the telephoner Lau raise Huat Co.Lau bring up Huat Co. is a firm of restricted public accountants. In the company, t present argon a total of three different departments. The IT department, the Accounts department, and the Audit department. The motion of the IT department is my supervisor, Mr Anthony Lum. He is the one that handles any of the IT problems faced in the company. Staffs in the company often mete out him as the boss, as Mr Lau is non in the company most of the time. Mr Anthony is very strict when it rallys to playact. He is known as one who would get displeased very easily when a work given up by him to his staffs is not completed on time even though the time given may not be sufficient. Therefore, most of his co-workers tend to panic and put in their utmost effort into finish their work efficiently.The Accounts and Audit departments are managed by mainly Mr Yeo, and Miss Ai Ting. They might be my superiors, barely when workings there, I could sense the amount of respect they take for for any of their staffs, regardless of their status in the company. Due to that, galore(postnominal) of the staffs deeply respect them, including me. The Audit Department performs audit work on knobs financial statements and records. They assist in preparation of audit working papers of clients to facilitate kick upstairs audit work, and the prepare audit reports for review by audit work. They are not in the company most of the time as they are often off to another company for auditing of work.The Organisational Chart for Lau Chin Huat CoLau Chin Huat uses mainly two kinds of software to run their business, it being adagio and OpenOffice. Adagio itself has many different kind s of products, provided the products that Lau Chin Huat uses would be mainly focused on Adagio Payables, Adagio receivables, and Adagio Ledger. With these softwares combined, you can complete accounts payables, receivables and General Ledger management for your business. Open Office is besides similar Microsoft Office, just that it does not cost a single cent and that it is free for everyone to use.During my first week at Lau Chin Huat, I was told to do a descriptive and pictorial step by step user manual(a) of the software, Adagio. It basically meant that I had to take screenshots of every step of the process, combine it into one or two pictures, and expose what it was for. Although it was time consuming, it was unfeignedly useful to me in the sense that I had a better understanding on how to use Adagio by and by finishing the user manual. Moving on, during the third week of my internship, I was expose to excel and its formulas.Using formulas would promote ease of access as users would not need to manually primordial in the data needed any more(prenominal). Just a click and drag would solve all those issues. I was also given easier kind of work, such as editing templates that would be used as receipts. I learnt how to conduct stock take, and I also had to key in the stock count of the companies who have already conducted their stock take. As it has always been my dream to work in an accounting firm, I found much(prenominal) joy while doing the work needed at Lau Chin Huat.The one thing that I really love when I was working at Lau Chin Huat would be that my co-workers are really friendly. As intimately half of the company comprises of interns like myself, it was really easy to get along with them. To my surprise, even those that are working as full-timers are really friendly as well. Everyone will always lend a help hand to you when in need, or when you are at doubt. During our lunch break, we would gather together and talk more or less anything a nd everything in the world.This is something that I really cherished and enjoyed during my 2 months of Internship at Lau Chin Huat. I could still find my first few days where I knew no one and I matte up really alone(p) during lunch breaks as I always had to dine alone. Until that day where one of my colleagues asked me whether I would like to trade union them for lunch. That really made my day. Till now, I could still clearly remember that situation and how elated I felt at that time. That made me recognize how important it is to have friends in life.Though the working milieu may be small, exclusively everyone in the company is very bonded. We share everything with for each one other, and we treat each other as our own siblings. Although it sounds as though we will play around in the company, but when it comes to work, we put our heart and soul into producing efficient and quality work.During my first few weeks at Lau Chin Huat, I faced many problems/difficulties. To start it off, I admit that I was not clever at all being posted here. The travelling distance from my house to Lau Chin Huat was a long journey, I had the utmost pay amongst all my friends, and worst of all, I had to work on Saturdays. Being a comparative person, aft(prenominal) I was told by my friends that my posting was the worst amongst all of them, I was really unhappy. I was really ostracise and it was not a good start for me on the first day I started working at Lau Chin Huat. I was easily affected during work, and little things that annoyed me just made me hated having my internship here even more. That was when I precious to opt for a change of internship placement.Its a long story, but basically, that step I made was the biggest mistake in the time of undertaking my Internship. I caused a weed of problems for everyone, and that mistake almost cost me to fail my Internship. Luckily, I was given a second chance by Lau Chin Huat, and I am really grateful to them for that. I wa s then asked to go in with a positive wit and do the best that I can. I mean, after all, its just six weeks. How hard can it get, seriously. That sentence was told to me by my NPIS supervisor, Mr Tay. It really woke me up. It made a lot of sense to me, and I told myself to give it another shot.Apparently, my habit of not being able to be punctual was a major(ip) obstacle to overcome for me. I was late most of the time, and that feeling was really horrible. The stares given by others when you are late and you walk into the company. Sometimes, I just wish to bury my head under the ground. I felt so ashamed of myself, I was scolded by Mr Anthony and he was really unhappy. From that moment I told myself not to be late anymore, to wake up early to attend work on time. The first time when I was punctual actually felt really great. I did not have to rush to work, I was not panicking about how I should explain to my boss about why I am late, and I was praised by Mr Anthony for being punctu al. I was happy. That was when I started waking up earlier, just so that I would arrive to work on time.There were many times when I faced difficulties in completing my work, as the labor given to me was kind of impossible. There was this once where I was given this Excel file and I was supposed to derive with formulas in order for easier formatting of data. Everything was a breeze and I did not face any difficulties until this one cell where I was supposed to format cells according to their address. (Eg. Block 340 one cell. Ang Mo Kio Avenue 2 one cell.) Due to the different formatting of data in the database, I was ineffectual to derive with this particular formula.All of my time was then spent on looking for ways to come out with the formula, researching on whether there are such formulas, but to no avail. When I told Mr Anthony about it, he told me that he would fail me for this because if I could not find the formula, the work would not be counted as complete, and he grades me based on the results produced. That was when I really panicked and I was really upset. Thankfully, Mr Yeo knew about the plight I was in and he told Mr Anthony that it was not fair for me and asked him to give me simpler work instead. Knowing that I was given a second chance, I tried even harder so that the work that I produced would be up to Mr Anthonys standard.On the last day of my work, I realised that Mr Anthony is not such a bad guy wire after all. He had a talk with me before I left the company. He explained to me the reasons why it seemed like he was always picking on me. He told me that in the past, he was just like me. perpetually being late, and that he did not give a care in the world. Thankfully, his supervisor talked to him and changed the way of how he saw things. Now, that he realized the amount of similarity that we used to have, he told himself that he just wanted to show me the way of life, just like how his supervisor did for him. He told me that he knows tha t I did my best, and he was olympian of me. These words that he said are words that I will never forget.During my time at Lau Chin Huat, it really taught me the importance of responsibility, punctuality and respect. I was always late and I did not annoyance whether about punctuality at all, but after being posted to Lau Chin Huat, I realized how important punctuality really is, be it work, or anything else you do. It is able to see a persons level of responsibility just by whether they are punctual or not. I also realized that respect is not necessarily always given to others, it will only be given to those who merit it. These are qualities being taught to me that I will carry with me wherever I am, be it when I am working, or when I am doing other things.My suggestions to improve the work done would be to always do things with a positive mindset and to persevere on in whatever you do. With a positive mindset and perseverance, no matter how tough your work is, a positive mindset will guide you through the way and your perseverance will make sure you see it to the end. To me, I think that these are the qualities everyone should have as this will help and benefit you in whatever you do.In conclusion, having my Internship at Lau Chin Huat taught me more Excel formulas that I would be able to use in my course of study, it also taught me how to do reports after a stock take. Internship taught me many valuable life lessons. I am really glad that I gave my all during the second chance that was given to me. If given the chance to, I would be more than happy to work for Lau Chin Huat again.

Reading Response Essay Example for Free

Reading Response EssayThe September Sisters, by Jillian Cantor, is a baloney close two siss, Abigail, the oldest and Becky the youngest. They both battle a lot and make each others life miserable, thats exclusively they do, then Becky disappears in the middle of the night, Abby struggles to cope with her own feeling of guilt and loss. Aby meets a new neighbor, Tommy, who with time, discover that get by can bloom, even when its surrounded by thorns. This is shown by the author with tone, imagery and similes. Abigail feels a sense of guilt through the disappearance of Becky, they would always fight for no reason or for stupid reasons and now that she realizes that shes gone. She struggles with this deep feeling of sorrow. I mat up this sudden surge of guilt, as if I shouldve heard everything, shouldve heard Becky get out of bed, scalawag 13.throughout the book whole book, the tone is always said as guilt and grief. Every time I got in the swimming pool or I looked at the i nner tube, I thought about Becky swimming toward me, wanting the pink one so bad, Id feel so guilty, and Id think, why didnt I just let her have it? What was the big deal leastwise? She couldve had this one thing it wouldnt have been so much to give, page 296. Jillian Cantor gives us a very strong feeling of sorrow and grief to capture, which tells us the theme throughout the story. Theres also a big amount of similes used to show the theme. Our house is like a prison, something that sometimes feels like its keeping me in, locked away, not keeping other people out, page 17. Abigail feels trapped with all this situation of her sister missing, rather than feeling protected, its vice-versa.Another example is, The kiss was short, and when he pulled back, I could manipulate his breath, like frosting, lighting up the air, page 189. When Aby uses frosting, its sweet and good, so Aby describes his figurehead as sweet air, making her happy, which goes with the theme of innocence of young love. The way Jillian Cantor captures images about what is spill on is by giving imagery. Beckys hair was straight, dirty blond, and just past her shoulders. She had green eye and pinkish sunburned skin in the summer. She had dimples. She had some freckles on her nose. She had two-inch scar just above her make up elbow, from the time she fell off her bike. She was four feet eight inches tall, and she weighted seventy-three pounds. She was ten years old, page 28.The author uses vivid amount of sentences to imagine how Becky looked before she went missing. I felt his lips moving over mine, his applauder pushing slowly into my mouth, and it all felt perfectly and warm and so nice, page 315. Abigail is comfortable with his mien when shes with him and feels warmth by his side. I certainly picture this scene as it goes. The warmth of love and innocence is captured in this quote. Jillian Cantor really gives out the theme by expressing himself with tone, imagery and similes even though theres hard times in life, love always makes its way through, it will be there, through thick and thin. This innocent young love was told in this story with Tommy and Abigail. Abigail struggled with the disappearance of her younger sister but the love that Tommy and her gave each other made love bloom, through this hard situation of her family and her.

Marketing Research Report Essay Example for Free

Marketing Research repute EssayIrresponsible human demeanors atomic number 18 impacting the environment. Therefore, environmental concern groups and also the governments around the world are trying to do something hoping to change peoples attitude towards environmentally friendly issues. This report aims at predicting the factors that motivate consumers to maneuver in environmentally friendly obtain behaviours. Convenience sample distribution of non-probability techniques was used to slang data. The data collected was then analysed by regression analysis, t-test and ANOVA. It was found tabu that political and technological factors set out a positive relationship with environmental concern while success or anthropocentric cod a negative relationship with environmental concern. Furthermore, environmental concern has a positive relationship with manoeuvre and indirect environmentally friendly behaviour and willingness to pay for environmentally friendly purchase behaviou r. However, the relationships were not strong. Therefore, it is recommended that a further, more in-depth look for should be conducted to rule out the substantial factors that affect consumers environmentally friendly purchase behaviour.1. Introduction and Background1.1 Importance of the researchIn recent years, there were one after another(prenominal) blockbusting environmental related movie, for instances, The Day After Tomorrow in 2004, An Inconvenient Truth in 2006 and 2012 in 2009. These popular movies hold up undoubtedly increase peoples awareness towards climate change issues. fit to World Wide Fund for Nature (2010), the average temperatures on earth rush warmed by about 0.76 degree Celsius over the past 2 centuries (WWF, 2010). The increases in temperature figure out huge changes for the worlds climate even thought the temperature rise seems in consecrateificantly small. Researches after researches show that this environmental riddle is earlier caused by irresponsib le human activities like private consumption. As a result, it is necessary for us to gear up and raise the awareness of the populars so that environmental problems will not be worsening. Thisquantitative research is ground on the collective findings of the qualitative preliminary research conducted earlier to investigate whether or not consumers engage in environmental consideration when making consumption decisions more thoroughly. 1.2 ScopeThe scope of the report is to find out the factors that may affect consumers environmentally friendly behaviour through and through the qualitative research, so that marketers may make meaningful decisions based on the data collected. This research will also provide recommendations to color organisations and the federal government on how to address the environmentally unfriendly purchase behaviour. 1.3 Research problemA research problem should feasible and clear. The research problem of this research is to predict motivations that may affe ct consumers environmentally friendly purchase behaviour.1.4 Aims and ObjectivesThe aim and objective of this research is to look for differences between samples and come up with a conclusion. This research also aims at testing two main groups of hypotheses. 1) Social beliefs, materialism will have a negative relationship with environmental concern * The social beliefs include technological belief, political belief, economy belief, anthropocentric belief and competition belief. * Materialism includes success, centrality and happiness. 2) Environmental concern has positive indirect behaviour, willingness to pay, direct behaviour2. Methodology2.1 Methodological considerations and assumptionsThis research, quantitative research, was based on the data gather from a qualitative exploratory research which was carried out previously. The drive of qualitative exploratory research is to narrow and clarify the scope and temperament of the research problem. Exploratory research helps resear chers understand the research problem and then transform ambiguous problem into well-defined ones. From the quantitative research, two groups of variables, namely materialism and social values, were identified. Thisquantitative research was conducted to find out which variables may have a stronger relationship with the dependent variables which are mentioned in section 1.4. 2.2 Sample considerationsThe fundament audiences of this research are any people live in Australia and are accountable for making purchase decisions. Respondents should understand English and be 18 years old or above. However, gender, marital status and educational level of respondents are not restricted in this research. 2.3 Data collection and framework, and analytical considerations Research was conducted through survey as a follow on from exploratory research conducted by face-to-face interview. This research was conducted by using a written questionnaire on a convenience sample. Convenience sampling, which is one of the non-probability techniques, refers to sampling by obtaining the people or units that are most conveniently available (Zikmund, Ward, Lowe Winzar, 2007). Convenience sampling is affordable and quick. 1022 surveys were collected, 449 male and 573 female respondents. Since this research was trying to find out relationships between factors rather than analysing changes in a same sample, cross-sectional analysis was used. 3. Ethical ConsiderationsIn a research, ethic is one of the very Copernican items that could not be missed. Ethics in researches are important because it supports the objective of a research, such as knowledge, truth and avoidance of error (Rensnik, 2010). Rensnik (2010) continues that ethics in a research is important also because it involves public privacy. As a result, ethical consideration has to treat carefully in a research so that the research is ethical and considerable. There are six ethical principles that have to be considered in a research a ccording to American Marketing Association (2010), and they are responsibility, fairness, respect, enhancer and citizenship. In other words, researchers have to be responsible for the consequences of their marketing decision they also have to judge a fair labyrinthine sense between consumers and sellers.Furthermore, researchers have to respect human rights of all respondents involving in the research process. Researchers also have to make every effort to communicate clearly with all respondents so to strive for a high transparency of the research. Last but not least,contributing to the community such as providing good recommendations is also considered as ethical in a research. To address all the ethical considerations above, each respondent would be asked to sign an interview consent form (see Appendix A) before the start of the survey, indicating that the interviewees do not only understands the purpose and risk of this research, but also know where to go when they have any conc erns or complaints regarding the conduct of the research.

Alcohol drinking Essay Example for Free

Alcohol insobriety turn outThe last reason of alcohol inebriation among the youth in Hong Kong is tension reduction and it is the most car park excuse among them. From a survey result conducted in 2008 by The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Group, about 30% of students increase their pressure index during the beginning of each new academic year. It was found that the high use of goods and services of alcohol is related to the high level of pressure index. And the frequency of drinking depends on how early the students convey experienced drinking alcohol. Drinking daily or over consumption of alcohol will jot to a chain of bad impacts.If we drink in a large amount, it will have long negative consequences, including physically and mentally. Drinking can affect thinking capacity and the active attention decimal point will be reduced effecively. Also fatigue may happen easily although only drinking a small amount of alcohol. As a result, it may affect in studies. As we happe n upon that there are many foreign researches about the motivation of drinking but there are only little researches investigate the Hong Kong tertiary students. That means the foreign researches cannot completely reflect the Hong Kong situation collectible to the different cultural norms of east and west. Also, the education of alcohol management and knowledge are not preponderance in Hong Kong.Therefore, we would like to know about the basal motives of alcohol drinking and the influences of drinking among the tertiary students. And the healthcare stream students in IVE will be our target group. As our target group are studying in healthcare stream, we hypothesize that they are more likely to consider their health and a lour drinking frequency and quantity of alcohol will be found. We also assume that their motivation of drinking are due to peer, environment and social.

Catch a Fire Essay Example for Free

Catch a Fire EssayThe disc Catch a Fire is a beautiful description of the Jamaican culture, the Rastafarian organized religion, the growth and growth of reggae medicament and how it all added up to make Bob Marleys life. All of those elements of what made Bob Marley tender will be talked about and explained in this paper. The best artists are the ones who throw off passed but in that respect run notwithstanding lives on and Bob Marley left an unforgettable mark on modern music, both as a reggae creator and as a cultural icon. His beliefs and values helped him become a part of the Rastafarian faith and grow into a great musician whose music is still listened to today. The author, Timothy White, did an amazing occupancy describing Bobs background giving his readers a frequently greater appreciation for Marley and his music. Jamaicans are often stereotyped as carefree and fun loving. While most Jamaicans do value a sand of humor, as well as music and dance, they also hav e a tradition of hard blend in and a strong respect for education.Bob Marley, the son of a black teenage mother and much older white father, was born in Jamaica in the village known as Nine Miles. natural early in 1945, Bob was raised by his mother and relatives and was always surrounded by tales of religious mysticism and spiritual beings of the Jamaican culture that influenced his daily life. Around the time Bob was born, in 1944, Jamaicans gained the right to right to vote because of the new constitution. (1) During this time the population grew and there werent much job opportunities, leading to an expanding slum population.Class, color, and ethnicity were a big deal in Jamaica and would play a huge role of where you would fit in, work, or however shop. Bob once said, I dont home for black mans side, I dont stand for white mans side, I stand for Gods side. (2) The Jamaican history has not been a peaceful one, but its struggles have created one of the strongest cultures. The Rastafarian faith was one of the biggest influences of why Bobs music and the way he lived was the way it was. It all started with Marcus Garvey, who was creditworthy for bringing Rastafarianism to the islands.Garvey was famous for the saying Look to Africa (Catch a Fire pg. 8) This statement set the exemplify for what will be the making of Rastafarianism. Rastafarianism got so popular that when Haile Selassie came to Jamaica in 1966 over 100,000 Rastas surrounded his plane. The late 1960s is when Bob truly began to find himself and accept his religion and put its beliefs into his songs like Rastaman Vibration and Jah Live. Not wholly did the Rastafarian faith help Bob with his music, it helped him find who he really was and grow as a person.He finally started to see the beauty in life. Marley started making music in ska and Rock pixilated then eventually moved towards reggae as his music evolved. Much of Marleys early work was produced by Coxsone Dodd at Studio One then he sig ned to Chris Blackwells Island Records label in 1971. Marleys music was one of the chief(prenominal) reasons reggae was accepted outside of Jamaica. Although Bob couldnt escape all the troubles of the ghetto, without music, he would have been right there in Kingston with those rude boys and bad men causing trouble.Music brought out the best in Bob and showed him the true values of life. The King of Reggae, Bob Marley made such an impact on the music industry with his creativity and passion he put into his music and performances. As you can see, Bob would have never made it happen without his Jamaican cultural background, his Rastafarian faith or his love for music. His view and beliefs were always voiced in his songs speaking of love, peace, equality and his spirituality. And, after almost three decades since his death, his music is still listened to by millions of people around the world.

Evaluation of teaching Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of teaching EssayIn groups students ordain successfully complete a procedural checklist/guide and then demonstrate the procedure falling the checklist meeting the following criteriaNote make of all material needed for the procedure.Procedure for preparing the environment and the patient for the NG tube insertion describe and performed satisfactorily.Each step for NG tube insertion outlined and followed, in PRECISE order, and with correct technique. all necessary checks and appropriate precautions required during and at the end of the procedure are made and reasonable acknowledgment given for why such precautions were necessary. Detail made of two scenarios that may be presented (e.g. ph higher up 6) and alternate step or procedures that should be followed.While the student is demonstrating the procedure the teacher will be observing the demonstration. You have a checklist with the above criteria A-E and you award a ticktack on a case of 1 to 5 to say how well th e student is meeting each criteria. For example in C does the narrator and the demonstrator follow each step correctly or do they mix the steps up. Do they forget to do something that they are supposed to do like check for any obstructions in the nose and throat? The students are rated for each of the criteria and given a mark out of whatever mark you want to give.This mark does not even have to be written down but you yet have it in your head that the persons performed the tasks excellently, good, fairly well or very poorly. You will use two demonstration and the checklist as the basis for your evaluation. If you collected the checklist that the students did then evaluation of this could be done separately. Basically the students should follow the procedure the same way you demonstrated it and based on how well they follow instructions you will know whether or not they understand and can perform the procedure.If you need additionally clarification occupy send a message to me on the system.

Tortilla Flat Essay Example for Free

Tortilla flavorless EssayTortilla Flat, written by John Steinbeck was set after World War One in a district of Monterey named Tortilla Flat. This story was about non only the less than glamorous lifestyle lived by Danny and his fellow paisanos, exactly the importance of friendship through bad times over material values. alone of the major events carry with them a strong implication of this theme which is often reflected through the characters decisions. Along with an implausibly ironic yet powerful friendship based on morals, this story is also is about appreciating the frank things in life. Each problem encountered by this band of friends was meaningful in its own way. As a reader the some significant events and characters were Danny, his death, and Pilon. Danny began this tale from the beginning as more of a pathetic, alcoholic, useless man, but slowly progressed and evolved into a character that represented champion and leadership. He, being the owner of the 2 houses, was a all the way distinct leader and executive decision make believer among these friends. His symbolic role in the aspect of unity is represented through the repercussions of his death.When Danny goes insane and leaves, the manpower still have hope he will be back and although it does not appear to be a loss without him they are truly nothing without Danny. These hands carried with them throughout the whole story the importance of friendship in their conscience but voluntarily leave that behind because it was obvious that they needed him. While Danny represented unity and leadership among friendship, Pilon was a symbol of ethical intentions and friendship as a whole.With every move Pilon made he always questioned it was a inconsiderate choice or how he could help his friends with the money. Although his umpteen deposits often resulted in drinking with his companions, they often started with the root of paying rent, giving a gift, or making amends. Pilon was truly a dear soul that did not have the funds to support his charitable ideas. His most charitable actions involved him recruiting new friends, but were eventually his acts of kindness attempting to help ones in need.All of these were covered with ironically immoral decisions to do very thoroughgoing(a) deeds making Pilon seem more of a fool then a good man. These two were also portrayed the hardships faced after the world war. Danny and Pilon both embody this theme of friendship so greatly that the wrong they do is almost inferior to their good values in life, which were very important to all of the characters in this raw. Unity and virtues became so ironically personified by Steinbeck through these characters to capture and portray his themes. This novel was very well written.The imagery and wording Steinbeck uses helped to visualize and connect while coherently getting crossways his point. Steinbecks purpose in writing this novel was to help to not only connect some with the struggles of the lower class, but to personify unity through very likeable characters. The purpose seemed vague until the continuative to the characters grew stronger which was the start to understanding the apply. His themes came across strongly and were accomplished very well. As for passages in which the theme was most established, many showed them in a more powerful way than others.As some of the last lyric describing not only the death of Danny, but the demise of the faithful companionship, when the house burns and the friends all go their separate ways can be best summarized as, Thus must it be, O wise friends of Danny. The pile that bound you together is cut. The magnet that drew you has lost its virtue. Danny was truly the most important of the men although he seemingly did nothing but drink he was what held them together. With the fire beginning to start, it was symbolic of everything.The end, the friendship, Dannys death, and unity were all so greatly symbolized by the fire. Tha t scene perfectly isolated the themes all at once and ended the novel in a great way. Tortilla Flat would be a good read for kids starting in high school. Because the concept of the story is harder to connect to and there are many implications leading to humor, many younger than fourteen or fifteen might not understand the book. This book contains an extensive amount of imagery making it very easy to visualize and Steinbecks elaboration helps to make the story seem real.

Global Leader in Foreign Direct Investments Essay Example for Free

Global Leader in Foreign Direct Investments EssayThis dissertation focused on the Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) of India relative to china, together with its matched services and the underlying factors which set them apart. In addition, strategies in which India can further strengthen its competitive advantage were elaborated together with the best approaches to keep at par or surpass China in damage of its FDI dominance.This chapter presented the background of the research problem, the research questions that the dissertation aimed to answer, significance of the study, the dissertations adopted research design and methodology, together in which how the sections in this dissertation were organized. 1. 1 Background of the Problem The surge of foreign direct investments in Asian countries is primarily determined by the privatization and at the same time the globalization of production.The degree of governmental stability, government policies, together with trade and inves tment regimes allowed host countries to be very open in terms of FDI investments. Due to the liberalization of the developing countries economies, the Global Development Finance of the World Bank in 1999 claimed that FDI flows to developing countries have increased more(prenominal) than six times (Chakraborty and Basu, 2002).Foreign direct investments have bloomed for both China and India by more than 1,500 percent between 1990 and in the recent eld, and both countries have growing interior(prenominal) considerable consumer markets, both economies are starting to produce higher value products and develop networks to maintain competitive advantages beyond mere cost (Laudiciana and White, 2005). Both India and China share the same level of competitiveness in terms of FDI attractiveness among multinational companies.However, it could be noted that India or China being a more favorable destination for FDIs should be closely taken into consideration. It could be noted that there are affair ventures that are proven to be more profitable exclusively in only one of the countries thus far though the aforementioned offers the same services. On another perspective, specific business ventures could experience a relatively highly specialized output given for instance that such would be deployed in the right geographical location (Laudiciana and White, 2005).It could be noted that India has undergone remarkable international integration and development over the past a couple of(prenominal) years. Since 1991, afterward the external payment crisis in India, there has been liberalization of various policies implemented by the government. In turn, the current investment climate has attracted many foreign investors in the country in various sectors. As such it is with this respect that competitive advantages possessed both by India with China, could be noted as it plays a vital role in terms of the success and eventually business profitability.On the other hand, it co uld be traced back that China started its state-led modernization reform in the late 1970s after many years of operating according to the Soviet model. Contrasting this to India, the aforementioneds main reform started after 1991 after which relied largely on the private sector. Chinas FDI in general consists of capital intensive flows whereas Indias FDI is mainly skill intensive (Laudiciana and White, 2005). The usurpation of such investment has on the domestic economy and the experience of the multinationals with the boilers suit business environment in the sub continent is very vital.Thus it becomes necessary to study the impact of such inflows as it has important policy implications. 1. 2 Research Questions The dissertation aims to answer the following questions 1. What are the factors that differentiate Indias and Chinas FDI performances that influence the inflows and stocks of the aforementioned? 2. What are the effects of FDI inflows and stocks to the economy of India? 3. How forget India develop a competitive advantage in terms of its FDI and take over China as a leader in FDI in the future?

Indo-US civilian nuclear deal

Indo-US noncombatant thermo thermo thermo atomic cumulationINDIAS ENERGY earnest WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO INDO-US thermo atomic DEALConsider the past 400 years of history. The world developed a untried source of might, steam, and the industrial age came in. India with all her many virtues did non develop that source of part and it became a backward and a slave country. Now, we argon on the verge of the atomic age. If we are to remain au fait in the world as a tribe which keeps ahead of things, we must develop this atomic b in the buffn quite apart from warof course, if we are compelled as a nation to use it for other purposes, no pious sen judgment of convictionnts of any one of us behind stop the nation from using it that way. Jawaharlal Nehru, 06 April 1948CHAPTER I asylum AND METHODOLOGYThe life force warranter encompasses the oil natural gas, sack and galvanic efficiency. However in the backdrop of Indo-US civilian thermonuclear fill tabu we are referri ng to the galvanising slide fastener security generated from nuclear sources. The Indias nuclear reactors are furnish by uracil. Indias uranium is low grade and quantity and is virtually s change surface times equallier than whats available in the world market. The Indo US civilian nuclear pass on encompasses the polish off of sensitive technology for reprocessing, enrichment of fuel and trade uranium for generation of electrical capability from nuclear null. In recent years, if in that respect is one unfreeze that has been on the headlines at regular intervals besides terrorist attacks in different parts of our country, is the Indo-US civilian nuclear deal. So some(prenominal) so that it was on the verge of delivery deck the worlds largest democracy. Never before in the history of individual India where any subject thought about, deliberated, argued and counter argued by the political, bureaucratic and the scientific elites. The main advantage of this deal is t hat the India not alone got the assurance from the world to increase its electrical energy generating qualification hardly India can stay on its nuclear weapon computer programmeme unhindered. The deal also gave strategic advantages to US.METHODOLOGYStatement of Problem2. This typography aims to analyse Will India be able to bring through its power solicit by 2030 by generating electricity from nuclear power plants in light of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal.Hypothesis3. The extent of Indias strategic invade has expanded and span from the Gulf of Hormuze up to the Malacca Strait. It implies that India is on the threshold of becoming a regional super power, having a large say in the geopolitical affairs in South Asia. This patch has come about as a result of the economic liberalisation in last go of the twentieth century, causing the economy to grow at appreciable rates of 7-8 % per year. Economic opportunities in India realize made the world sit up and take notice, causin g a huge influx of investments in all business and industrial sectors.4. Given the above situation, Indias electrical energy needs are evolution by leaps and bounds, and at a very rapid pace. The sources for generation of electricity to support this unprecedented emersion are not adequate. on that pointfore, it is imperative that India must look for alternative sources to generate sufficient electricity not only to cater for future growth but also to bridge the gap between the demand and supply. This willinging also help India for realisation of her role as a regional power to converge her strategic aspirations.Justification of the Study5. India is concern for energy security in oecumenic and electrical energy in particular for its economic development and uplifting the standard of living of its citizen. Indo-us civilian nuclear deal is a step towards to solve Indias energy problem which encompasses the generation of electricity from nuclear energy and transfer of sensitive t echnology including supply of raw material. But the deal has more strategic and planetary connotation. If we convey the perspective of twenty years hence, will India be able to achieve its energy security? domain6. The scope of this study would be to look into Indias electric energy requirement by 2030, highlighting the electricity generating capacity and gap between demand and supply. Also to analyze the nuclear power plants generating capacity in a backdrop of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal with its strategic implications for India. The study would also suggest a way ahead for India to achieve total energy security. Other related issues such as electrification, transmission, distribution, billing, electrical energy conservation and regulatory commissions are not considered in this study.Operational Definitions7. nil Security.1 A countrys tycoon to optimize its energy preference portfolio and supply of energy services for the desired level of services that will sustain economic growth and poverty reduction. It is a broad umbrella covers all type of energy and economic growth.8. Nuclear Energy and Energy Security.2 Nuclear Energy is the kinetic energy of the fragments that result from the nuclear fissioning or splitting of uranium and plutonium nuclei when they absorb neutrons. The kinetic energy is switch overed to heat as the fragments are slowed, and this heat is use to convert piss into steam which in turn used for rotation of turbine thus producing electricity. This nuclear energy supplements the total energy requirement of our country with an aim to achieve energy security from all the sources including renewable, hydro and blacken.Methods of Data Collection9. The major source of data collection has been through library books, journals, articles from magazine publisher newspaper as well as internet. Organisation of the Dissertation (Chapterisation)10. The dissertation is organised as chthonic(a) (a) Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. T his chapter introduces the subject Indias energy security with special reference to Indo-us nuclear deal. It also lays down the Statement of Problem providing a justification for the study and defines the scope of dissertation. The chapter also defines security in general and energy security in particular. Energy security encompasses oil, gas and electricity. The focus will be on nuclear power element of electricity/power security.(b) Chapter II Indias Electrical Energy Need and reach Status. This chapter brings out statistical data about the present power status in India from all sources including the region of nuclear power plants and predicting economic growth vis-a-vis Indias electrical energy needs by 2030.(c) Chapter terzetto Nuclear Energy Its Myth and Reality. This chapter analysis the nuclear power generating capacity by 2030, technology and raw material requirement and its contribution towards achieving energy security. It also covers advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power over conventional sources of power generation.(d) Chapter IV Indo-US Civilian Nuclear accord. This chapter covers Indias nuclear history in brief and Indo-US civilian nuclear deal in detail. It also brings out the stance of International atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Nuclear Suppliers free radical (NSG). This chapter also highlights the pros and cons and views of political parties in India.(e) Chapter V Implications of the Deal. This chapter highlights the strategic implications in ground of economic, geopolitical and military of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal.(f) Chapter VI The Way Ahead for Energy Security. Initially India neglected its power requirement and at present going for nuclear power. On one hand developed country like Germany is against nuclear power and on other side France in going for it. This chapter covers the analysis of this dichotomy and Indias necessity to go for it. In the end, recommendations for way ahead for India to achieve total energ y security.CHAPTER IIINDIAS ELECTRICAL ENERGY NEED AND render STATUSIndias Energy Security Challenge31. Electricity is one of the most important inputs to support the growing economy. Today, on that point is the requisite buying power to support the rapid growth of the power sector. At the same time, there are severe resources constrains looming large. The non-availability of power in required tote ups could, in fact, severely restrict our developmental aspirations.2. There is a need to look at nuclear energy associated with processes involving the nucleus of an atom in some(prenominal) million folds higher than the energy associated with processes that involve electron that orbit slightly the nucleus. The later forms the basis of energy through burning of fossil fuels. Nuclear energy released through fission or fusion of atomic nuclei and solar energy that we receive from the sun are the only two viable basic energy sources capable of meeting our long term energy needs.3. Ele ctricity Present Status in India?4 India is a power deficit country with a high base and peak load deficit of around 9.8% and 16.6%, respectively. Currently, though scorch-based plants contribute around 58 % of the installed capacity, that alone would not be sufficient to secure and fulfill Indias long-term Energy requirements. A broad estimate suggests that if the countrys blacken function continues to grow at 5% pa, going ahead we might run out of coal reserves over the next 40-50 years, and even if new coal reserves are discovered and extracted, we might still run out of coal in the next 70-80 years. Installed Capacity 120 GW. Gross Generation is 620 billion kWh. The current per capita power consumption in India is about 612 KWH per year. While the world average is 2596 KWH. Out of total power available in India, thermal power constitutes 64.6%, hydro power 24.7% and nuclear power 2.9%. The present power status of India is shown in chassis 1. The details of nuclear power is shown in fig 2Indian Energy Scenarios 20304. Nuclear military group5 will play a significant role in the long-term energy mix of the country with the governing body planning to raise its contribution from the current level of 2.9% (4,120 MW) to around 10% (64,000-65,000 MW) of the countrys installed capacity by 2030.65. inside information of Nuclear source Plants in India.7 Currently, seventeen nuclear power reactors ca-ca 4,120 MW (2.9% of total installed base).Power lieuOperatorStateTypeUnits hit capacity (MW)KaigaNPCILKarnatakaPHWR220 x 3660KakraparNPCILGujaratPHWR220 x 2440KalpakkamNPCILTamil NaduPHWR220 x 2440NaroraNPCILUttar PradeshPHWR220 x 2440RawatbhataNPCILRajasthanPHWR100 x 1,200 x 1,220 x 2740TarapurNPCILMaharashtraBWR(PHWR)160 x 2,540 x 21400 come in1741206. The projects under construction arePower piazzaOperatorStateTypeUnitsTotal capacity (MW)KaigaNPCILKarnatakaPHWR220 x 1220RawatbhataNPCILRajasthanPHWR220 x 2440KudankulamNPCILTamil NaduVVER- constant of gravit ation1000 x 22000KalpakkamNPCILTamil NaduPFBR500 x 1500Total631607. The planned projects arePower stationOperatorStateTypeUnitsTotal capacity (MW)KakraparNPCILGujaratPHWR640 x 21280RawatbhataNPCILRajasthanPHWR640 x 21280KudankulamNPCILTamil NaduVVER-12001200 x 22400JaitapurNPCILMaharastraEPR1600 x 46400KaigaNPCILKarnatakapressurized pee reactor1000 x 1,1500 x 12500BhaviniPFBR470 x 41880NPCILAHWR300300NTPCpressurized water reactor1000 x 22000NPCILPHWR640 x 42560Total10206008. The following projects are firmly proposed.Power stationOperatorStateTypeUnitsTotal capacity (MW)KudankulamNPCILTamil NaduVVER-12001200 x 22400JaitapurNPCILMaharashtraEPR1600 x 23200Pati SonapurOrissaPWR6000KumahariaHaryanaPWR2800SaurashtraGujaratPWRPulivendulaNPCIL 51%,AP Genco 49%Andhra PradeshPWR2000 x 12000KovvadaAndhra PradeshPWRHaripurWest BengalPWRTotal15164009. The following projects are proposed and to be confirmed soon.Power stationOperatorStateTypeUnitsTotal capacity (MW)KudankulamNPCILTamil NaduVVER -12001200 x 22400Total2240010. Summary of total nuclear power generation capacity by 2030.Sl No.ProjectUnitsTotal capacity (MW)1Present nuclear power reactors1741202Projects under construction0631603Planned projects10206004Projects firmly proposed15164005Proposed and to be confirmed022400Total504668011. Department of Atomic Energy. This independent department has all matter related to atomic energy under its purview, and is responsible for designing, commissioning, constructing and operating nuclear power plants.12. National Electricity indemnity.8 The GOI decided and notified the National Electricity Policy in Feb 2005 (Min of Power, 2005). The policy aims at accelerated development of power sector, providing supply of electricity to all areas and protect interests of consumers. The policy prescribes development of rural electrification distribution backbone to be completed in next v years, Some of the points on which the policy emphasizes on are-(a) Nuclear power is an establish ed source of energy to meet the base load demand. Share of nuclear power in the overall capacity write will need to be increased significantly.(b) Creation of adequate generation capacity with a revolve reserve of a least 5% by 2012 with availability of installed capacity at 85%.(c) practiced development of hydro potential.(d) Development of National Grid.(e) Exploitation of non-conventional energy such as small hydro, solar, biomass and wind for additive power generation capacity.13. Outcome of the Deal. The Indian nuclear power industry is expected to undergo a significant expansion in the coming years thanks in part to the passing of the Indo-US nuclear deal. This agreement will allow India to carry out trade of nuclear fuel and technologies with other countries and significantly enhance its power generation capacity. India is expected to generate an additional 25,000 MW of nuclear power by 2020, bringing total estimated nuclear power generation to 45,000 MW. Following a wai ver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group in September 2008 which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade, India has write nuclear deals with several other countries including France, United States, Namibia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan date the framework for similar deals with Canada and United Kingdom are also being prepared. In February 2009, India also signed a $700 million deal with Russia for the supply of 2000 tons nuclear fuel. India at once envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 4.2% to 9% within 25 years. In 2010, Indias installed nuclear power generation capacity will increase to 6,000 MW. As of 2009, India stands 9th in the world in terms of number of operational nuclear power reactors and is constructing 9 more, including two EPRs being constructed by Frances Areva. Indigenous atomic reactors include TAPS-3, and -4, both of which are 540 MW reactors. Indias $717 million fast breeder reactor project is e xpected to be operational by 2010.14. Nuclear Power Growth. India, being a non-signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, has been subjected to a defacto nuclear embargo from processs of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) cartel. This has prevented India from obtaining commercial nuclear fuel, nuclear power plant components and services from the international market, thereby forcing India to develop its own fuel, components and services for nuclear power generation. The NSG embargo has had both negative and exacting consequences for Indias Nuclear Industry. On one hand, the NSG regime has constrained India from freely importing nuclear fuel at the volume and cost levels it would like to support the countrys goals of expanding its nuclear power generation capacity to at least 20,000 MW by 2020. Also, by precluding India from taking advantage of the economies of collection plate and safety innovations of the orbicular nuclear industry, the NSG regime has compulsive up the capital and operating costs and damaged the achievable safety potential of Indian nuclear power plants. On the other hand, the NSG embargo has forced the Indian government and bureaucracy to support and actively fund the development of Indian nuclear technologies and industrial capacities in all key areas required to bring on and maintain a domestic nuclear industry. This has resulted in the creation of a large pool of nuclear scientists, engineers and technicians that have developed new and unique innovations in the areas of Fast Breeder Reactors, Thermal Breeder Reactors, the atomic number 90 fuel cycle, nuclear fuel reprocessing and Tritium extraction production. Ironically, had the NSG sanctions not been in place, it would have been far more cost effective for India to import foreign nuclear power plants and nuclear fuels than to fund the development of Indian nuclear power generation technology, building of Indias own nuclear reactors, and the development of domestic uranium mining, milling and purgation capacity.15. India has already been using imported enriched uranium and are currently under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, but it has developed various aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle to support its reactors. Development of hold technologies has been strongly affected by limited imports. Use of heavy water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because it allows atomic number 92 to be burnt with little to no enrichment capabilities. India has also done a great amount of work in the development of a Thorium centered fuel cycle. While Uranium deposits in the nation are limited, there are overmuch greater reserves of Thorium and it could provide hundreds of times the energy with the same mass of fuel. The fact that Thorium can theoretically be utilized in heavy water reactors has tied the development of the two. A prototype reactor that would burn Uranium-Plutonium fuel charm irradiating a Thorium blanket is u nder construction at the Madras/Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station.CHAPTER IIINUCLEAR ENERGY ITS MYTH AND REALITYNuclear Energy in India91. Nuclear energy is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydro and renewable sources of electricity. As of 2008, India has 17 nuclear power plants in operation generating 4,120 MW go 6 other are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 3,160 MW. Since ahead of time 1990s, Russia has been a major source of nuclear fuel to India. Due to dwindling domestic uranium reserves, electricity generation from nuclear power in India declined by 12.83% from 2006 to 2008. To appreciate the Indo US nuclear deal better, let us understand the basics of generation of nuclear energy.2. Nuclear Reactor. The basis of nuclear power is the fission process. This is the process of splitting of a fissile atoms nucleus, releasing energy in the form of heat, which can be converted through steam turbine and a generator into el ectricity. The only naturally occurring fissionable material is Uranium and said to be fissile because its nucleus has an affinity to a colliding neutron which it absorbs, splits into two smaller particles and emits two or more neutrons and produces vast amounts of energy. This process is called fission chain reaction. The neutrons produced as result of fission reaction in the reactor have excessive energy levels and they move at a great speed. In a nuclear reactor a chain reaction cannot be sustained with fast moving neutrons. So the fast paced neutrons are slowed down by an element called a moderator. The two substances that are used as a moderator in a Uranium reactor are heavy water and graphite. A legal age of the nuclear reactors in the world use natural uranium as fuel and light water as moderator and hence they are called the Light Water Reactor. These are essentially boiling water reactor (BWR) or Pressurized water reactor (PWR). In a BWR, the cooling water is allowed to b oil inside the reactor at a temp of 290 deg and pressure of 70 atmospheres. The steam is then fed directly to the turbines and re-circulated to the reactor. In a PWR the pressure inside the reactor vessel is kept at 150 atmospheres so as to prevent the cooling water from boiling at temperatures up to 350 deg. This water is fed out of the reactor vessel to a steam generator where it passes through thousands of tubes immersed in water at a much lower pressure. The secondary cooling water boils and drives the turbines. The other type of reactors those use heavy water as moderator is called Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR).3. Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Nuclear fuel needs to be processed optimally for use and thereafter disposed off safely. All these activities form part of the nuclear fuel cycle. Indias share of Natural Uranium reserve of the entire globe is 0.8 %. At the same time that of Thorium is over 32% of the worlds reserve. A Uranium Mill is a chemical plant intentional to extra ct uranium from ore. The final product that goes out of from the mill, commonly referred to as yellow cake, contains more than 60% of uranium.4. Nuclear Waste Reprocessing. The fuel which went into the reactor is removed after anywhere between 18 months to about 3 years. This spent fuel highly radioactive waste. The Uranium which comprises about 96% of the spent fuel can be recycled as fresh fuel elements. It could be used to fuel breeder reactors or can be used to make a nuclear neglect.5. Uranium Enrichment. Purification and chemical modulation of uranium concentrate to uranium hexafluoride is needed since yellowcake is not directly usable as nuclear reactor fuel. The uranium hexafluoride is used in a natural uranium fuel reactor. The enriched uranium is now sent to a fuel fabrication plant where it is changed into uranium dioxide powder. The powder is pressed into small pellets, which are then put into metal tubes, forming fuel rods. These fuel rods are put together to form a fuel assembly.Advantages and Disadvantages6. The advantages of electricity produced from nuclear source are as follows -(a) Cost- Effective Option. A kilogram of uranium can produces a million times more energy as compared to a kilogram of coal or a kilogram of hydrocarbon. One kg uranium can produce as much electricity as 1500 tons of coal. It will not only diversify Indias power generation portfolio but also reduces pressure on railway transportation of coal for the thermal power plants.(b) Environmentally Sustainable. Non-emission of babys room gases that have threatened the global climate. The reduction in annual coal consumption 100 jillion Tons. Reduction in annual CO2 Emissions 170 Million Tons. This will help ease global demand for crude oil and natural gas.7. The disadvantages of nuclear power plants are as follows -(a) Initial Cost. stodgy nuclear plants are expensive, being perhaps two to three times the cost of comparable coal or gasification plants, with much of th is expenditure required to insure the safety of the public. The production process is relatively wide-eyed and involves using nuclear heat to create steam that subsequently drives a turbine generator. However, the high cost of the plants (billions of dollars) can introduce potentially high financial risks to owners and investors alike, as history has demonstrated. While the plants are relatively uneconomical (33%), the price of nuclear fuel, as with coal, is a fraction of the cost of natural gas. Nuclear plants hunt at full power for technical reasons and avoid the daily routine large load swings of the electrical grid. Fossil plants are normally used for such purposes.Indias Nuclear Energy Programme8. Indias nuclear resource endowments are modest in terms of uranium, which is the only naturally available material that contains a fissionable component. On other hand thorium endowments are vast. But unlike uranium it is non fissionable.9. Three-StageProgramme Indias strategies for large scale development of nuclear energy focused towards utilization of thorium and three stages nuclear power program is as given under (a) The first stage of Indian Nuclear Power employs the PHWRs fuelled by uranium, to produce plutonium.(b) The second stage, Plutonium put in Fast breeder reactor with uranium, with a blanket of thorium, to convert some of the thorium into uranium. (c) In the third stage, Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWRs) would burn Thorium and U 233 as fuel. This is what we finally want to achieve in the years to come. The AHWR test reactor is in final phase of design.10. Nuclear Energy for Indias Energy Security.1011 TheCHAPTER IVIndo US Civilian Nuclear DealIndo-US traffic1. Historical Perspective. The nuclear energy history started way back in 1950 when US helped India to develop nuclear energy under the atoms for peace program. In 1968 India refused to sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) claiming it was biased. India, Pakistan and Israel never sig ned NPT and northernmost Korea signed but withdrew later. In 1974 came a turning point when India tested its first nuclear bomb made by the materials from the Canadian reactor. Canada and US stopped selling nuclear fuel to India and US hardened severe restrictions on transfer of dual use technologies to India. India was a target of American ideological and geopolitical antagonism. Bilateral relations between the two countries were victims of incompatible obsessions of Indias with Pakistan and Americas with the erstwhile USSR.2. Post Pokharan II. Indias nuclear blasts of 1998 not only shook the Thar desert, but also rocked the very foundations of the Global Nuclear Order. US administration promptly enforce sanctions and also mobilized other nations in doing so. Indias nuclear policy thus became the single most contentious issue in bilateral relations. The country was treated like pariah, especially by the US and 45 member Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) countries and separated India for more than three decades, refusing nuclear co-operation. Sanctions were heaped on India. Indian nuclear scientists were unwished at international seminars in their field.3. Post 9/11. In 2000, the US has moved to build a strategic partnership with India. The terrorists strike of 11 Sep 01 resulted in convergence of strategic interests of both the sides. India support American actions whole heartedly and defence cooperation was at new heights. An agreement on Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP) was signed in Jan 2004 which included areas such as missile defence, cooperation in civilian nuclear, space programme and high technology trade. The foundation and indeed the underpinning of the nuclear agreement was the signing of a ten year New Framework for Defence Relationship (NFDR) in June 2005 as a function to the historic agreement of 18 Jul 05, when India and the US agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian nuclear agreement.Landmark Deal4. On 18 Jul 2005, India and the US sign the landmark Civilian Nuclear Deal in Washington DC and surprise the world. The deal was signed by US President Mr George bush and Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh. The US dismantle the complex architecture that it had set up to isolate India after 1974 nuclear test and deny it access to civilian nuclear technology.5. Hyde acquit. On 18 decline 2006, the US congress passed the Henry J Hyde United States-India peaceful atomic energy co-operation act 2006 (PAEC Act 2006) popularly called as Hyde Act, amending the atomic energy act that had prohibited American entities from trading with countries that didnt sign the NPT or had done a nuclear test. India fitted into both categories. The US Senate voted emphatically in favor of 86 to 13. In reality, the Hyde Act is an enabling legi